Male and female Silene latifolia plants differ in per-contact risk of infection by a sexually transmitted disease
Male and female Silene latifolia plants differ in per-contact risk of infection by a sexually transmitted disease
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00527.x
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发表时间：
2001-02-01
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Shykoff, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kaltz, O;Shykoff, JA
1行为，生理或免疫的限制往往使一个性别更容易受到寄生虫，从而可能产生性别特异性的权衡与感染风险和其他生活史特征。2真菌病原体微孢菌violaceum系统感染雌雄异株植物宽叶蝇子草时，传粉者存款真菌孢子的健康植物的花朵。雄性植物产生许多短命的花，而雌性植物产生很少的花，这些花在受精后仍然与植物相连。我们研究了花产量和花寿命的变化如何影响雄性和雌性的感染风险。3在温室实验中，我们改变了用孢子接种的花的数量（每株植物4对16）和直到这些花被移除的时间（两性花1或2天，雌性花14天）。我们还测量了接受模拟访问的雄花的寿命，有或没有孢子，以测试对访问和/或污染的响应。在一项实地调查中，我们测量了17个自然群体中男性和女性的疾病患病率。4不同的接种花朵数量并不影响感染概率，但保留接种花14天的雌性更容易患病，（20.0%）比在2天内摘除花朵的植物（7.3%）.5过早掉落更多接种花朵的雄性更有可能保持未感染。孢子繁殖缩短了雄花的寿命（38.4 +/- 2.8 h）相对于无孢子访视（47.9 +/- 5.2小时）.6女性田间发病率（19.7 +/- 3.5%）高于男性（14.3 +/- 2.6%），特别是在发病率高的人群中。7在果实成熟期间持续的身体联系似乎增加了入侵时间，女性的每次接触感染风险。这与女性田间发病率较高是一致的，但也可能有与疾病传播无关的其他解释。这些结果说明了植物繁殖行为和传粉者活动之间的相互作用可能会影响疾病的传播。雌性的交配行为可能会逐渐降低对传粉者的吸引力，以尽量减少传染性接触，而雄性则可以更滥交，展示一种有吸引力的，但一次性的花朵。
1 Behavioural, physiological or immunological constraints often render one sex more susceptible to parasites, thereby potentially generating sex-specific trade-offs between traits associated with infection risk and other life-history characters.2 The fungal pathogen Microbotryum violaceum systemically infects the dioecious plant Silene latifolia when pollinators deposit fungal spores on the flowers of healthy plants. Male plants produce many short-lived flowers, whereas females produce few flowers that remain connected with the plant after fertilization. We investigated how variation in flower production and flower longevity affects the infection risk for males and females.3 In glasshouse experiments, we varied the number of flowers inoculated (4 vs. 16 per plant) with spores and the time until these flowers were removed(1 or 2 days for both sexes, 14 days for females only). We also measured the longevity of male flowers receiving simulated visits, with or without spores, to test for an abscission response to visitation and/or contamination. In a field survey, we measured male and female disease prevalence in 17 natural populations.4 Varying the number of inoculated flowers did not affect infection probability, but females retaining inoculated flowers for 14 days became diseased more often (20.0%) than did plants with flowers removed within 2 days (7.3%).5 Males that had dropped more inoculated flowers prematurely were more likely to remain uninfected. Spore-bearing visits shortened male flower longevity (38.4 +/- 2.8 h) relative to non-spore visits (47.9 +/- 5.2 h).6 Female field disease prevalence (19.7 +/- 3.5%) was higher than that of males (14.3 +/- 2.6%), especially in populations with a high disease incidence.7 Continuing physical connection during fruit ripening appears to increase invasion time and thus the per-contact infection risk in females. This is consistent with higher female field prevalences, although other explanations, unrelated to disease transmission, are possible. These results illustrate how interactions between plant reproductive behaviour and pollinator activity may affect disease spread. Female mating behaviour may evolve towards lower attractiveness to pollinators to minimize infectious contacts, while males can afford to be more promiscuous with an attractive, but disposable, floral display.