The Explanation of Crime: Individuals, settings, and acts of crime: situational mechanisms and the explanation of crime
The Explanation of Crime: Individuals, settings, and acts of crime: situational mechanisms and the explanation of crime
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犯罪的解释：个人、环境和犯罪行为：情境机制和犯罪的解释
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
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通讯作者：
P. Wikström
中科院分区：
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作者：
P. Wikström
这些问题是，“为什么人们要犯罪？”以及“我们能为此做些什么？”对任何社会都是至关重要的。这些问题的答案需要对犯罪原因有一个基本的了解。我认为，犯罪学理论大体上不能完全解决因果关系和解释问题。我认为，造成这种情况的一个主要原因是，犯罪学理论普遍缺乏行动理论，解释层面的整合很差，犯罪的定义也不明确(Wikstrom，2004)。如果没有明确的犯罪概念(理论应该解释什么)，什么促使人们实施犯罪行为(行动理论)，以及个人特征和经历与环境特征在这一过程中如何相互作用(解释层次的整合)，我们就不能全面解决犯罪的原因。此外，如果不深入探讨这些问题，我们就缺乏必要的理论基础来充分评价个人发展和变化的作用(Wikstrom，2005)和系统性因素的作用及其随时间的变化(Wikstrom&Sampson，2003)。犯罪是违反道德规则的行为。解释犯罪就是解释为什么个人违反了法律上被定义为犯罪的道德规则。犯罪是个人犯下的行为。解释犯罪行为就是解释是什么促使个人违反法律定义的道德规则。
The questions, “Why do people commit crime?” and “What can we do about it?” are central to any society. The answers to these questions require a basic understanding of what causes crime. I submit that criminological theory, by and large, has not been able to fully address the problems of causation and explanation. I argue that a major reason for this is that criminological theory generally suffers from a lack of a theory of action, a poor integration of levels of explanation and an unclear definition of crime (Wikstrom, 2004). Without a clear conception of what crime is (what the theory should explain), what moves people to commit acts of crime (a theory of action), and how individual characteristics and experiences and environmental features interact in this process (integration of levels of explanation), we cannot fully address the causes of crime. Moreover, without addressing these points in depth we lack the necessary theoretical foundation to evaluate fully the role of individual development and change (Wikstrom, 2005) and the role of systemic factors and their changes over time (Wikstrom & Sampson, 2003) in the explanation of crime. Crimes are acts of moral rule-breaking. To explain crime is to explain why individuals break moral rules defined as crime in law. Crimes are acts committed by individuals. To explain acts of crime is to explain what moves individuals to break moral rules defined in law.