Vertebrate craniofacial development: the relation between ontogenetic process and morphological outcome.
Vertebrate craniofacial development: the relation between ontogenetic process and morphological outcome.
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脊椎动物颅面发育：个体发生过程与形态结果之间的关系。
DOI：
10.1159/000114388
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发表时间：
1991
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Noden,DM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Noden,DM
现存脊椎动物胚胎的头部中存在的许多结构（通常是短暂的）似乎是节段组织的。这些包括大脑，特别是后脑（例如，菱形节），和邻近的轴向结构如近轴中胚层（例如，体节、体节）和神经嵴细胞。在头部还存在额外的一组连续排列的结构，这些结构在更腹侧和侧部的位置发育。例如鳃上基板、主动脉弓和咽囊。所有这些胚胎结构经常被单独或共同用作特征，以帮助定义同源性。新的细胞标记和识别方法提供了细胞运动和组织谱系的详细描述，揭示了一系列以前没有认识到的不同行为。众所周知的迁移的神经嵴细胞带来的所有，但这个间充质人口的神经源性成员从背侧，轴向位置到腹侧和吻侧的位置，在那里他们主要围绕咽，口道，和前脑。同样戏剧性的运动，神经板细胞，成肌细胞，成血管细胞，和基板衍生的细胞最近已被记录。这些运动可以与其他附近组织的运动（例如，鳃节成肌细胞，神经嵴细胞，和表面外胚层）或可以是独立的（例如，基板成神经细胞）。迁移的细胞可以聚集并沿着可定义的路径朝向其目的地（例如，神经嵴细胞），或者它们可以是孤立的并且没有预先指定的目的地地侵入性地游荡（例如，成血管细胞）。这些广泛的形态发生运动使细胞与迄今为止所认识的更多种类的其他组织和基质环境接触。此外，由于这些重排，细胞存在于一个特定的位置，如鳃弓，可以追溯到许多轴向水平，这复杂的节段关系的分析。颅面发育的比较形态学研究最近得到了加强，许多基质成分，生长因子及其受体，和调控基因的表达的网站和时间的描述。尤其重要的是发现了一个称为同源异型盒家族的基因网络。这些基因在它们的序列和它们沿染色体的沿着方式上与果蝇中确定预期身体部位的空间身份的基因相似。脊椎动物颅面发育的细胞和分子描述性研究相结合，提供了令人兴奋的机会，目录模式的基因表达和形态发生在原肠胚，神经胚，早期器官发生阶段。此外，这些数据形成了提出和测试有关控制细胞运动、组织形成和功能整合结构集合组装的机制的假设的基础。我们对这些机制的理解远没有那么完整。例子是使用实验胚胎学的方法适用于组织和基因。这些研究包括切除组织或阻止基因表达的研究，以及通过胚胎组织的异位移植或通过将基因连接到改变其表达位点的启动子来产生空间错配的实验。在颅面发育过程中，基因、细胞和组织在空间和时间上都以分层的方式发育。同样明显的是，胚胎发育的传统观点，侧重于质的结构和关系，不足以解释的动态性质...
Many structures that are present, often transiently, in the head of extant vertebrate embryos appear to be segmentally organized. These include the brain, particularly the hindbrain (e.g., rhombomeres), and adjacent axial structures such as paraxial mesoderm (e.g., somites, somitomeres) and neural crest cells. Also present in the head are additional sets of serially arranged structures that develop in more ventral and lateral locations. Examples of these are epibranchial placodes, aortic arches, and pharyngeal pouches. All these embryonic structures are frequently used both individually and collectively as characters to assist in defining homologies. New cell labeling and identification methods are providing detailed accounts of cell movements and tissue lineages that reveal a range of disparate behaviors not previously appreciated. The well-known migrations of neural crest cells bring all but the neurogenic members of this mesenchymal population form dorsal, axial locations into ventral and rostral locations where they largely surround the pharynx, stomodeum, and prosencephalon. Equally dramatic movements of neural plate cells, myoblasts, angioblasts, and placode-derived cells have recently been documented. These movements may occur in concert with those of other nearby tissues (e.g., branchiomeric myoblasts, neural crest cells, and surface ectoderm) or may be independent (e.g., placodal neuroblasts). Migrating cells may be clustered and follow definable pathways towards their destination (e.g., neural crest cells), or they may be solitary and wander invasively without a prespecified destination (e.g., angioblasts). These extensive morphogenetic movements bring cells into contact with a greater variety of other tissues and matrix environments than has heretofore been recognized. Moreover, because of these rearrangements, the cells present in a particular location, such as a branchial arch, may trace their ancestry to many axial levels, which complicates the analyses of segmental relations. Comparative morphological studies of craniofacial development have recently been augmented by descriptions of the sites and times of expression of many matrix components, growth factors and their receptors, and regulatory genes. Particularly important has been the discovery of a network of genes called the homeobox family. These genes are similar in their sequence and their organization along a chromosome to genes that establish the spatial identity of prospective body parts in drosophila. The combination of cellular and molecular descriptive studies of vertebrate craniofacial development provide exciting opportunities to catalogue patterns of gene expression and morphogenesis during the gastrula, neurula, and early organogenesis stages. Moreover, such data form the basis for proposing and then testing hypotheses about the mechanisms controlling cell movements, tissue formation, and the assembly of functionally integrated sets of structures. Our understanding of these mechanisms is far less complete. Examples are presented using methods of experimental embryology applied to tissues and to genes. These include studies in which tissues are extirpated or gene expression prevented, and experiments in which a spatial mismatch is created either by heterotopic grafts of embryonic tissues or by linking a gene to a promoter that alters its sites of expression. During craniofacial development, genes, cells, and tissues develop in a hierarchical manner, spatially as well as temporally. It is also evident that the traditional view of embryonic development, with focus on qualitative structures and relations, is inadequate to explain the dynamic nature of …