Legacies of a nationwide crackdown in Zimbabwe: Operation Chikorokoza Chapera in gold mining communities*
Legacies of a nationwide crackdown in Zimbabwe: Operation Chikorokoza Chapera in gold mining communities*
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津巴布韦全国镇压的遗产：金矿社区的 Chikorokoza Chapera 行动*
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Spiegel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Spiegel
摘要 尽管津巴布韦钻石开采业的冲突最近受到国际社会的广泛关注，但很少有研究探讨津巴布韦金矿开采业的冲突。本文分析了一项名为“Chikorokoza Chapera 行动”（“禁止非法采矿”）的全国性打击活动如何深刻影响并“规范”有执照和无执照金矿开采地区的生计。该研究根据 2006 年至 2013 年对因西扎、乌姆津瓦尼和卡多马地区的手工采矿者以及越过边境进入莫桑比克的矿工进行的采访，揭示了高度政治化的镇压如何导致了不平衡的后果。该分析强调了结构性暴力和人身暴力，2006 年至 2009 年间有超过 25,000 名矿工和贸易商被捕，2013 年仍有超过 9,000 人被监禁。该研究将镇压置于不断变化的政治和经济利益范围内，有助于理解“消除非法采矿”的简化话语如何误导和掩盖权力动态，而治安活动改变了资源控制模式。该研究还强调，镇压遗产的概念化应仔细考虑手工采矿者协会的机构，在某些情况下，这些协会在 Chikorokoza Chapera 行动之后一直在积极寻求抵制强制性政策并重建生计。
ABSTRACT Although conflict in Zimbabwe's diamond mining sector has recently received much international scrutiny, very little research has examined conflict in Zimbabwe's gold mining sector. This article analyses how a nationwide crackdown called Operation Chikorokoza Chapera (‘No More Illegal Mining’) affected – and ‘disciplined’ – livelihoods in profound ways in both licensed and unlicensed gold mining regions. Drawing on interviews conducted between 2006 and 2013 with artisanal miners in the Insiza, Umzingwani and Kadoma areas as well as miners who crossed the border to Mozambique, the study reveals how a highly politicised crackdown led to uneven consequences. The analysis highlights both structural and physical violence, with more than 25,000 miners and traders arrested between 2006 and 2009 and more than 9,000 still imprisoned in 2013. Situating the crackdown within evolving political and economic interests, the study contributes to an understanding of how simplified discourses on ‘eradicating illegal mining’ mislead and mask power dynamics, while policing activities transform patterns of resource control. The study also emphasises that conceptualisations of the crackdown's legacy should carefully consider the agency of artisanal miners' associations, which, in some cases, have been actively seeking to resist coercive policies and rebuild livelihoods in the aftermath of Operation Chikorokoza Chapera.