Self-discrepancies and negative affect: A primer on when to look for specificity, and how to find it
Self-discrepancies and negative affect: A primer on when to look for specificity, and how to find it
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DOI：
10.1080/00049530500048730
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发表时间：
2005-12-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Francis, JJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boldero, JM;Moretti, MM;Francis, JJ
有大量证据表明，自我系统内部的差异会产生情绪困扰。然而，特定类型的差异是否与不同类型的负面情绪有关仍然存在争议。自我差异理论（SDT：Higgins，1987，1989）的核心是假设不同类型的差异与独特的情绪状态有关，实际自我和理想自我之间的差异与沮丧相关的情绪唯一相关，而实际自我和应该自我之间的差异与激动相关情绪唯一相关。检验这一命题的研究表明，这些差异的大小在很大程度上是相关的。因此，一些研究人员质疑它们在功能上是否独立（例如，Tangney、Niedenthal、Covert 和 Barlow，1998）。此外，其他研究人员未能支持假设的独特关系（例如，Ozgul、Heubeck、Ward 和 Wilkinson，2003）。这两类研究结果一起被解释为对 SDT 提出了挑战。我们认为这种解释是不准确的。在本文中，我们回顾了测试这些不同关系时所做的假设。具体来说，我们研究了差异的功能独立性明显的必要条件，以及适合测试这些关系的统计方法。我们还评论了自我差异的测量以及无效发现解释中的基本问题。我们的结论是，使用适当的方法和统计程序的研究已经提供了充足的证据表明存在区别关系，我们鼓励研究人员进一步调查这些关系最明显的条件。
There is substantial evidence that discrepancies within the self-system produce emotional distress. However, whether specific types of discrepancy are related to different types of negative affect remains contentious. At the heart of self-discrepancy theory (SDT: Higgins, 1987, 1989) is the assumption that different types of discrepancies are related to distinctive emotional states, with discrepancies between the actual and ideal selves being uniquely related to dejection-related emotion and discrepancies between the actual and ought selves being uniquely related to agitation-related emotion. Research examining this proposition has demonstrated that the magnitudes of these discrepancies are substantially correlated. As a result, some researchers have questioned whether they are functionally independent (e.g., Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, & Barlow, 1998). In addition, other researchers have failed to support the hypothesized unique relationships (e.g., Ozgul, Heubeck, Ward, & Wilkinson, 2003). Together these two types of research finding have been interpreted as presenting a challenge to SDT. It is our contention that this interpretation is inaccurate. In this paper, we review the assumptions made when testing for these distinct relationships. Specifically, we examine the necessary conditions under which the functional independence of discrepancies is apparent, and the statistical methods appropriate to test these relationships. We also comment on the measurement of self-discrepancies, and fundamental problems in the interpretation of null findings. We conclude that studies using appropriate methodological and statistical procedures have produced ample evidence that discriminant relationships exist, and we encourage researchers to further investigate the conditions under which these relationships are most apparent.