Famine relief, public order, and revolts: interaction between government and refugees as a result of drought/flood during 1790-1911 in the North China Plain
Famine relief, public order, and revolts: interaction between government and refugees as a result of drought/flood during 1790-1911 in the North China Plain
复制标题
饥荒救济、公共秩序和叛乱：1790-1911 年华北平原干旱/洪水导致政府与难民之间的互动
DOI：
10.1007/s10113-018-1298-6
复制
发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Zhao Wanyi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xiao Lingbo;Fang Xiuqi;Zhao Wanyi
作为气候变化和极端天气事件的直接结果，难民移徙引起了全世界的关注。本研究选取晚清（1790-1911年）首都北京所在的华北平原作为案例区。根据古代官文书中对粥行、京内治安、京外叛乱事件的记载，分析了水旱灾害后流民行为与政府治理的互动关系。主要结论可归纳如下。(1)1790-1911年期间，除了社会因素（如，人地矛盾、财政危机）。(2)整个世纪后期，政府与流民之间一直存在着一种消极的互动关系，这种互动关系导致了19世纪90年代中期北京社会的混乱和1900年国民党大规模的义和团运动。(3)这种负面互动最终在世纪初移民政策的调整中得以终结，正式允许流亡的国民党难民移民到关外的满蒙地区。历史案例研究可能为人类社会成功适应未来类似事件提供宝贵的经验教训，并将增进我们对气候变化与社会脆弱性之间相互作用的理解。
As a direct result of climate change and extreme weather events, refugee migration has attracted worldwide concern. In this study, we select the North China Plain (NCP) as the case area, where the capital (Beijing) is located during the late Qing dynasty (1790–1911). Based on records of porridge charity, public order (inside Beijing), and revolt events (outside Beijing) in ancient official documents, the interaction between behavior of refugees and the governmental management after floods and droughts is analyzed. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows. (1) Flood/drought has become an important triggering factor of refugee migration during 1790–1911 besides the social factors (e.g., man-land contradiction, fiscal crisis). (2) A negative interaction has existed between the government and refugees throughout the late nineteenth century, which leads to social disorder in the mid-1890s in Beijing and large-scale revolt (the Boxers Movement) in 1900 in the NCP. (3) The negative interaction has been finally ended by the adjustment of migration policy at the beginning of the twentieth century, which officially permits the refugees from the NCP to emigrate to Manchuria and Mongolia outside the Great Wall. The historical case study may provide valuable lessons for the successful adaptation of human societies to future similar occurrences, and will enhance our understanding of the interactions between climate change and social vulnerability.