Post-irrigation degradation of land and environmental resources in the Harran plain, southeastern Turkey
Post-irrigation degradation of land and environmental resources in the Harran plain, southeastern Turkey
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DOI：
10.1007/s10661-018-7019-2
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Bilgili, Aysin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bilgili, Ali Volkan;Yesilnacar, Irfan;Bilgili, Aysin
灌溉是植物生产系统的关键因素。然而，过度和不适当的水和土壤管理系统可能会导致严重的环境问题。 GAP（东南安纳托利亚项目，SEAP）是一个多部门综合区域发展项目。其目标是尽可能改善该地区的经济和社会福利。 GAP 项目的两个主要目标包括灌溉和能源生产。 1995年，哈兰平原引入灌溉系统，土地利用模式发生了重大变化。高产作物品种的使用和化学投入（化肥和农药的使用）导致植物产量大幅增加。相反，土地管理不善的情况也有所增加。这包括过度灌溉、密集土壤耕作、碳不足和土壤养分循环等做法。这些管理不善的做法导致土壤退化，进而导致土壤和地下水盐度增加、沉积物和养分随径流输送、土壤侵蚀、硝酸盐和农药污染地表和地下水源以及温室气体排放。为了平衡因土壤质量下降而造成的产量损失，广泛使用化肥和其他化学品。这在很大程度上加剧了环境问题。此外，福利和人口的增加促进了耕地的城市化，即房屋、工厂和其他农业设施的建设。这进一步恶化了土地和环境。总之，土地灌溉导致产量增加，但代价是环境和土壤质量的退化。此外，土地退化现象发生，环境进一步恶化。为了最大限度地减少这些影响，改善土壤和水管理极其重要。上述问题可以通过提高灌溉效率、良好的水土管理策略、形成管理良好的现代灌区以及对农民进行教育来解决。基于农业补贴的制裁可以实现这些解决方案。本研究利用存档数据和早期研究的评估来研究哈兰平原引入灌溉对农业环境的重要影响。
Irrigation is a key factor in plant production systems. However, excessive and inappropriate water and soil management systems can cause significant environmental problems. The GAP (the Southeastern Anatolia Project, SEAP) is a multisectoral integrated regional development project. It aims to improve the economical and social welfare of the region as best as possible. The two main objectives of the GAP project include irrigation and energy production. Irrigation was introduced to the Harran plain in 1995, and it led to significant changes in the land use patterns. The use of high-yielding crop varieties and chemical inputs (fertilizers and pesticide usage) resulted in important increases in plant production. Conversely, there was also an increase in land mismanagement. This included practices such as excessive irrigation, intensive soil tillage, insufficient carbon, and soil nutrient cycling. These mismanagement practices lead to soil degradation, which in turn causes increased salinity in soil and groundwater, sediment and nutrient transportation with runoffs, soil erosion, contamination of surfaces and subsurface water sources with nitrates and pesticides, and greenhouse gas emissions. In order to balance yield losses due to the decreasing soil quality, fertilizers and other chemicals were used extensively. This considerably contributed to the environmental problems. Additionally, increasing welfare and population propagated urbanization on arable lands, i.e., the construction of houses, factories, and other agricultural facilities. This further degraded the land and the environment. In conclusion, land irrigation led to production increases, but at the expense of degradation in the environment and soil quality. Moreover, land degradation occurred and further degraded the environment. It is extremely important to improve soil and water management in order to minimize these impacts. The forementioned problems could be solved by improving irrigation efficiencies, good soil and water management strategies, formation of modern well-managed irrigation districts, and educating farmers. Agricultural subsidy-based sanctions could enable these solutions. This study used archived data and evaluations of earlier studies to examine important agroenvironmental influences of introducing irrigation in the Harran plain.