Genetic and environmental influences on alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, and nicotine use from early adolescence to middle adulthood
Genetic and environmental influences on alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, and nicotine use from early adolescence to middle adulthood
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DOI：
10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.674
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发表时间：
2008-06-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Prescott, Carol A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kendler, Kenneth S.;Schmitt, Eric;Prescott, Carol A.
背景：虽然环境和遗传因素在精神活性物质使用（PSU）的病因学中都很重要，但我们对这些影响在发育过程中的差异知之甚少。目的：探讨青春期早期至成年中期PSU中基因和环境的变化。设计：通过生活史日历进行回顾性评估，采用单变量和双变量结构建模。设置：普通社区。参与者：共有1796名来自弗吉尼亚精神疾病和物质使用障碍成年双胞胎研究的男性对男性。主要结果测量：记录被调查者生命中每年使用酒精、咖啡因、大麻和尼古丁的水平。结果：对于尼古丁、酒精和大麻，家庭环境因素在青春期早期影响其使用至关重要，并在成年早期逐渐降低其重要性。相比之下，遗传因素在青春期早期对PSU的影响很小或没有影响，随着年龄的增长，其影响逐渐增强。随着时间的推移，咖啡因使用的个体差异来源的变化要温和得多。大麻、尼古丁和酒精的使用水平之间存在显著的相关性，尤其是咖啡因和尼古丁之间。在青春期，这些相关性受到家庭环境共同影响的强烈影响。然而，随着个体年龄的增长，PSU的相关性越来越多地来自影响两种物质使用的遗传因素。结论：这些结果支持PSU个体差异的病因学模型，其中开始和早期使用模式受社会和家庭环境因素的强烈影响，而后期使用水平受遗传因素的强烈影响。不同物质间PSU水平的显著相关性主要是青少年时期社会环境因素的结果，遗传因素在成年早期和中期变得越来越重要。
Context: While both environmental and genetic factors are important in the etiology of psychoactive substance use (PSU), we know little of how these influences differ through development.Objective: To clarify the changing role of genes and environment in PSU from early adolescence through middle adulthood.Design: Retrospective assessment by life history calendar, with univariate and bivariate structural modeling.Setting: General community.Participants: A total of 1796 members of male-male pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders.Main Outcome Measures: Levels of use of alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, and nicotine recorded for every year of the respondent's life.Results: For nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis, familial environmental factors were critical in influencing use in early adolescence and gradually declined in importance through young adulthood. Genetic factors, by contrast, had little or no influence on PSU in early adolescence and gradually increased in their effect with increasing age. The sources of individual differences in caffeine use changed much more modestly over time. Substantial correlations were seen among levels of cannabis, nicotine, and alcohol use and specifically between caffeine and nicotine. In adolescence, those correlations were strongly influenced by shared effects from the familial environment. However, as individuals aged, more and more of the correlation in PSU resulted from genetic factors that influenced use of both substances.Conclusions: These results support an etiologic model for individual differences in PSU in which initiation and early patterns of use are strongly influenced by social and familial environmental factors while later levels of use are strongly influenced by genetic factors. The substantial correlations seen in levels of PSU across substances are largely the result of social environmental factors in adolescence, with genetic factors becoming progressively more important through early and middle adulthood.