The act of listening: radio monitoring, 1930-1990
The act of listening: radio monitoring, 1930-1990
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聆听的行为：无线电监测，1930-1990
DOI：
10.1080/13688804.2019.1672527
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
0.4
通讯作者：
Bardgett S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bardgett S
无线电监测是国际无线电广播史的一个重要方面，但研究不足，更一般地说，是技术、媒体和（大众）传播跨国史的一个方面。[1]从20世纪20年代初无线电诞生之初，那些参与这种新媒体实验的人就意识到“以太没有边界”，无线电信号可以到达远远超出国界的受众。正如米歇尔·希尔姆斯（Michele Hilmes）指出的那样，以前没有一种媒介能够“无视时间和空间的障碍，在空气中隐形旅行，进入普通公民家中的耳朵”。2这种“无线电波的自由开放”激发了研究无线电作为国际关系工具的学者。对他们来说，广播的做法，以及无线电作为一种“公共宣传”的形式影响国外人民的力量，引发了大量的问题。[3]无线新媒体在推出后不久，就成为了主要的通信手段之一，促进了“信息传输”，这已经成为现代国家建设的一个组成部分，并超过了当时现有的通信技术。[4]然而，除了直接描述通过电波进行的信息交换之外，还有一个重要的以太竞争故事。为了正确理解这个故事，人们必须考虑传输和接收之间的相互作用，尤其是后者还没有得到特别好的研究。国际广播公司不仅向国外发送信息，而且还相当注意地收听其他国家的广播，并利用这些信息来制作自己的节目。因此，在研究广播时，人们必须考虑到“信息”和“情报”领域的基本不可分割性--它们交织在一起的性质是现代国家的表现。[5]这些焦虑在20世纪30年代末第一次成为现实，当时许多国家的官员，例如法国殖民地阿尔及利亚和纳粹德国，认为外国广播对他们的政权构成威胁。6.这些官员深深意识到无线电广播对社会的潜在影响，开始“收听”外国无线电台，其方式远非被动，而是为了实现政治目标。如果无线电创造了，就像卡罗琳·伯索尔
Radio monitoring is a significant but under-researched aspect of the history of international radio broadcasting and, in more general terms, of a transnational history of technology, media and (mass) communication. 1 From the very beginnings of radio in the early 1920s, those involved in experiments with this new medium were aware that the ‘ether knows no boundaries’, and that radio signals could reach audiences well beyond state borders. No previous medium, as Michele Hilmes points out, possessed the ability to ‘defy barriers of both time and space, to travel unseen through the air and enter the ears of private citizens in their homes’. 2 This ‘free-for-all of the airwaves’ has inspired scholars working on the use of radio as an instrument in international relations. For them, broadcasting practices, and the power of radio to influence people abroad as a form of ‘public diplomacy’, prompt a multitude of questions. 3 Very shortly after its introduction the new medium of wireless, as it was then known, became one of the primary means of communication, facilitating the ‘transportation of information’which had become an integral part of modern state building and surpassing the then existing arsenal of communication technologies. 4 Beyond the straightforward account of information exchange across the air waves, however, there is an important story of rivalry in the ether. To properly understand this story, one has to consider the interaction between transmitting and receiving—and the latter in particular has not been especially well researched. International broadcasters did not merely send their message abroad, they also listened with considerable attention to broadcasts from other countries, and used that information to shape their own outputs. When researching broadcasting, therefore, one has to consider the basic inseparability of the spheres of ‘information’and ‘intelligence’—their interwoven nature a manifestation of the modern state. 5These anxieties materialized for the first time in the late 1930s, when officials in various countries, for example French colonial Algeria and Nazi Germany, considered foreign broadcasts a threat to their regimes. 6 Deeply conscious of the potential impact of radio on society, these officials began ‘listening’to foreign radio stations in a manner which was far from passive, but rather undertaken to achieve political goals. If radio creates, as Carolyn Birdsall