Empirical evaluation of hazard anticipation behaviors in the field and on driving simulator using eye tracker
Empirical evaluation of hazard anticipation behaviors in the field and on driving simulator using eye tracker
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DOI：
10.3141/2018-11
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Knodler, Michael A., Jr.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fisher, Donald L.;Pradhan, Anuj K.;Knodler, Michael A., Jr.
眼行为已被用于驾驶模拟器，以评估新手和老年驾驶员培训计划的有效性。当驾驶员必须处于危险的情况下时，驾驶模拟器通常会受到青睐。由于没有研究在驾驶模拟器上观察到的眼睛行为在危险场景中是否也在现场观察到，作者让受过训练和未经训练的新手驾驶员在驾驶模拟器上操纵一组受控的10个场景。这些场景类似于一组不同的、匹配的受过训练和未经训练的驾驶员在现场导航的场景。本模拟器研究中的驾驶员使用与现场研究中驾驶员使用的相同PC程序进行培训。经过培训的驾驶员在模拟器和现场看到的场景中，有五个与在PC上进行培训时看到的场景相似（近距离转移）;其他五个在概念上与培训中的场景相似，但表面特征不同（远距离转移）。如果一个场景的某个区域有与识别风险相关的信息，则将其固定在该区域，并将其视为认识到了风险。在模拟器上，在近距离换乘场景中，受过训练的驾驶员比未经训练的驾驶员识别风险的频率高出41.7%，在远距离换乘场景中，识别风险的频率高出32.6%。在现场，受过训练的司机在近距离转移中识别风险的频率高出38.8%，在远距离转移中识别风险的频率高出20.1%。这两种效应都非常显著，它们之间的差异并不接近显著性。因此，在模拟器上的测试结果与现场测试结果有着密切的对应关系。
Eye behaviors have been used with driving simulators to evaluate the effectiveness of novice and older driver training programs. Driving simulators are often favored when drivers must be placed in risky situations. Because there was no study of whether eye behaviors observed on a driving simulator in risky scenarios were also observed in the field, the authors had both trained and untrained novice drivers maneuver a controlled set of 10 scenarios on a driving simulator. The scenarios were similar to a set of scenarios that a different, matched set of trained and untrained drivers had navigated in the field. Drivers in this simulator study were trained with the same PC program used by drivers in the field study. Five of the scenarios that the trained drivers saw on the simulator and in the field were similar to those seen in training on a PC (near transfer); the other five were similar in concept to those in training but different in surface features (far transfer). A fixation on the region of a scenario that had information relevant to identifying a risk was scored as recognizing the risk. On the simulator, trained drivers recognized the risk 41.7% more often than untrained drivers in the near-transfer scenarios and 32.6% more often in the far-transfer scenarios. In the field, trained drivers recognized the risk 38.8% more often in the near-transfer and 20.1% more often in the far-transfer scenarios. Both effects were highly significant, and the difference between them was not close to significant. Thus results from tests on a simulator have a close correspondence with those in the field.