Evaluation of groundwater quality and reverse osmosis water treatment plants in the endemic areas of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka
Evaluation of groundwater quality and reverse osmosis water treatment plants in the endemic areas of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140716
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发表时间：
2020-11-25
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Takizawa, Satoshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Imbulana, Sachithra;Oguma, Kumiko;Takizawa, Satoshi
以社区为基础的反渗透(RO)水处理厂被用作斯里兰卡农村干旱地区慢性肾脏病(CKDu)流行区生产安全饮用水的临时解决方案。人们认识到，经过反渗透处理的地下水会减缓CKDu的进展；因此，对这些反渗透厂进行适当的维护对于保护公众健康是不可或缺的。本研究广泛调查了赤潮病区的地下水水质，以及净化这些地下水的反渗透装置的性能、操作和维护情况。对阿努拉达普拉区32个反渗透厂的给水(即地下水)和处理后的水进行了主要化学和生物水质参数的分析，其中27个在CKDu高风险区，5个在低风险区。地下水中的碱度、硬度和微生物参数超过了所有研究区域的饮用水最高允许水平(MAL)。此外，TDS和镁的含量超过了MAL，在人力资源领域表现得尤为突出。地下水中以镁为主的硬度和张力的增加与CKDu的发生有显著的关系。所有反渗透工厂对地下水中过量化学成分的去除效率都很高(>；95%)，但回收率相当低(接近46%)。目前反渗透工厂的消毒措施不足以确保产品水的微生物安全。对产品水的需求低、地下水稀缺、当地社区缺乏技术能力、糟糕的维护做法以及计划外的盐水去除是与反渗透厂运营和管理相关的关键问题，如果处理不当，缺乏对赤潮病区反渗透水处理的规章制度可能会导致未来许多环境和公共卫生问题。(C)2020爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
Community-based reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plants are employed as an interim solution for producing safe drinking water for the endemic areas of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) in the rural dry zone of Sri Lanka. It is recognized that RO-treated groundwater diminishes the progression of CKDu; thus, proper maintenance of these RO plants would be indispensable to protect public health. The present study broadly investigated the quality of groundwater in CKDu-endemic areas, and the performance, operations, and maintenance of the RO plants which purified this groundwater. The feedwater (i.e., groundwater) and treated water from 32 RO plants in Anuradhapura District, comprising 27 in the CKDu high-risk (HR) region and 5 in the low-risk (LR) region, were analyzed for major chemical and biological water quality parameters. Alkalinity, hardness, and microbiological parameters in groundwaters exceeded the maximum allowable levels (MALs) for drinking in all study areas. Additionally, TDS and magnesium exceeded the MALs, exdusively in the HR areas. Elevated occurrence of magnesium-predominant hardness and Tonicity in groundwater showed significant relations with the incidence of CKDu. All RO plants achieved high removal rates (>95%) for excessive chemical constituents in groundwater, but the recovery rates were fairly low (similar to 46%). The current disinfection practices in RO plants were insufficient to ensure the microbial safety of the product water. Low demand for product water, scarcity of groundwater, lack of technical capacity of the local communities, poor maintenance practices and unplanned brine removal were the key issues related to RO plant O&M. Unless properly handled, the lack of rules and regulations for RO water treatment in the CKDu-endemic region could lead to numerous environmental and public health issues in the future. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.