Can Currently Available Advanced Combustion Biomass Cook-Stoves Provide Health Relevant Exposure Reductions? Results from Initial Assessment of Select Commercial Models in India
Can Currently Available Advanced Combustion Biomass Cook-Stoves Provide Health Relevant Exposure Reductions? Results from Initial Assessment of Select Commercial Models in India
复制标题
目前可用的先进燃烧生物质炉灶能否提供与健康相关的暴露减少？
作者：
S. Sambandam;K. Balakrishnan;Santu Ghosh;Arulselvan Sadasivam;S. Madhav;R. Ramasamy;Maitreya Samanta;K. Mukhopadhyay;H. Rehman;V. Ramanathan
使用固体燃料造成的家庭空气污染是造成印度全国疾病负担的一个主要因素。目前可获得的先进燃烧生物质炉灶（ACS）模型报告，与传统炉灶相比，在实验室中效率显著提高，排放显著减少，但对于在常规使用条件下实现的家庭水平暴露减少所知相对较少。我们报告了来自印度泰米尔纳德邦和北方邦的六个商业ACS模型的初步实地评估结果。我们监测了72个家庭（分为六组，每组接受一个ACS模型）在安装新炉灶之前和（1-6个月）安装新炉灶后24小时厨房区域的PM2.5和CO浓度，以及固定和随时间变化的家庭特征的详细信息。详细的调查收集了用户对日常使用可接受性的看法。虽然24小时PM2.5和CO浓度下降的中位数百分比分别为2%至71%和10%至66%，但所有模型的浓度始终超过世卫组织空气质量指南值，这引发了对这种减少与健康相关性的质疑。大多数模型被认为是次优化设计为日常使用往往导致不适当和不足的使用水平。家庭浓度的降低也有可能受到社区一级固体燃料使用的高环境背景和周围化石燃料来源的影响。结果表明，要在使用固体燃料的家庭中减少与健康有关的接触，就需要将减少排放与社区范围内易于使用和采用的炉灶技术结合起来。还需要立即作出努力，加快向更清洁的燃料迈进。
Household air pollution from use of solid fuels is a major contributor to the national burden of disease in India. Currently available models of advanced combustion biomass cook-stoves (ACS) report significantly higher efficiencies and lower emissions in the laboratory when compared to traditional cook-stoves, but relatively little is known about household level exposure reductions, achieved under routine conditions of use. We report results from initial field assessments of six commercial ACS models from the states of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh in India. We monitored 72 households (divided into six arms to each receive an ACS model) for 24-h kitchen area concentrations of PM2.5 and CO before and (1–6 months) after installation of the new stove together with detailed information on fixed and time-varying household characteristics. Detailed surveys collected information on user perceptions regarding acceptability for routine use. While the median percent reductions in 24-h PM2.5 and CO concentrations ranged from 2 to 71% and 10–66%, respectively, concentrations consistently exceeded WHO air quality guideline values across all models raising questions regarding the health relevance of such reductions. Most models were perceived to be sub-optimally designed for routine use often resulting in inappropriate and inadequate levels of use. Household concentration reductions also run the risk of being compromised by high ambient backgrounds from community level solid–fuel use and contributions from surrounding fossil fuel sources. Results indicate that achieving health relevant exposure reductions in solid–fuel using households will require integration of emissions reductions with ease of use and adoption at community scale, in cook-stove technologies. Imminent efforts are also needed to accelerate the progress towards cleaner fuels.