Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa
Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa
复制标题
DOI：
10.1078/0932-4739-00002
复制
发表时间：
2003-12-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Cavalier-Smith, T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cavalier-Smith, T
本文简要回顾了原生动物的大规模发生，提出了原生动物界11门的新的高级分类。互补基因融合揭示了两个主要分支之间的真核生物的根本分歧：祖先的单纤毛（通常是单中心）unikonts和祖先的biciliate bikonts，通过将年轻的前纤毛转换成一个不一样的老年人后纤毛经历纤毛改造。单鞭毛类包括祖先上的单鞭毛原生动物变形虫门和后鞭毛类（动物界，领虫门，它们的姐妹篇或祖先;和真菌界）。他们共享一个衍生的三基因融合，从bikonts缺席。与此相反，Bikonts共享二氢叶酸还原酶和胸苷酸合成酶之间的衍生基因融合，并且包括植物和所有其他原生生物，包括原生动物亚王国Rhizaria [门Cercozoa和Retaria（Radiozoa，Foraminifera）]和掘孔动物门（Loukozoa门，Metamonada门，Euglenozoa门，Percolozoa门），加上植物界[Viridaeplantae，Rhodophyta（姐妹篇门）;蓝藻门]、色脉分支和原生动物门浮游动物门（Thecomonadea，Diphylleida）。Chromalveolates包括界Chromista（隐孢子虫，Heterokonta，Haptophyta）和原生动物亚界Alveolata [纤毛门和Miozoa（= Protalveolata，Dinozoa，Apicomplexa）]，它们从一个共同的祖先分化而来，该祖先奴役了一种红色的藻类，并通过宿主粗糙的ER和奴役的藻类质膜（周质体膜）进化出了新的质体蛋白靶向机制。这五个双孔类的分支顺序是不确定的：植物可能是染色质泡藻的姐妹篇或祖先;如果裸藻和绿蛛纲（Cercozoa）以前的绿色藻质体在它们共同的祖先中被奴役，那么Rhizaria和Encavata（共同的cabozoa）可能是姐妹篇。Apusozoa可能是挖洞动物门的姐妹篇，而centrohelid heliozoa可能是附着植物门的姐妹篇。
Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Protozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eukaryotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the ancestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Retaria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Ciliophora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane). The branching order of the five bikont groups is uncertain: Plantae may be sisters of or ancestral to chromalveolates (jointly designated corticates as they share cortical alveoli); Rhizaria and Excavata (jointly cabozoa) are probably sisters if the formerly green algal plastid of euglenoids and chlorarachneans (Cercozoa) was enslaved in a single event in their common ancestor. Apusozoa may be sisters of Excavata and centrohelid heliozoa may be sisters to Haptophyta.