Below-ground herbivory limits induction of extrafloral nectar by above-ground herbivores
Below-ground herbivory limits induction of extrafloral nectar by above-ground herbivores
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地下食草动物限制了地上食草动物对花外花蜜的诱导
DOI：
10.1093/aob/mcv011
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发表时间：
2015-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Ding, Jianqing
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Huang, Wei;Siemann, Evan;Ding, Jianqing
背景和目的许多植物产生花外花蜜（EFN），并在地上食草后增加产量，大概是为了吸引食草动物的天敌。地下食草动物，单独或与地上食草动物结合，也可能改变 EFN 的产生，具体取决于这种防御反应的特异性以及通过植物防御介导的食草动物之间的相互作用。然而，迄今为止，缺乏调查地上和地下食草动物诱导的 EFN 产生的操作性实验，这限制了我们对地下食草动物如何介导间接植物防御以影响地上食草动物及其天敌的理解。方法在温室实验中，乌桕树 (Triadica sebifera) 的幼苗受到自然共存的专业跳蚤甲虫 (Bikasha colonis) 的食草。食叶的成虫和食根的幼虫。对幼苗进行地上成虫和/或地下幼虫食草，并监测 EFN 的产生。 主要结果 地上和/或地下食草显着增加了具有活跃蜜腺的叶子的百分比、EFN 的体积和花蜜内可溶性固体的质量。地上和地下食草动物同时诱导的 EFN 体积和可溶性固形物质量比单独的地下食草动物高，但当地下食草动物不存在时，地上食草动物诱导的 EFN 产量最高。 结论 地下损伤诱导 EFN 产生表明全身诱导是某些 EFN 反应的基础。在没有地下食草动物的情况下，地上食草动物的强烈感应表明基于地上和地下信号的特定感应可能适合这种地上间接防御。
Background and Aims Many plants produce extrafloral nectar (EFN), and increase production following above-ground herbivory, presumably to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Below-ground herbivores, alone or in combination with those above ground, may also alter EFN production depending on the specificity of this defence response and the interactions among herbivores mediated through plant defences. To date, however, a lack of manipulative experiments investigating EFN production induced by above-and below-ground herbivory has limited our understanding of how below-ground herbivory mediates indirect plant defences to affect above-ground herbivores and their natural enemies.Methods In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings of tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) were subjected to herbivory by a specialist flea beetle (Bikasha collaris) that naturally co-occurs as foliage-feeding adults and root-feeding larvae. Seedlings were subjected to above-ground adults and/or below-ground larvae herbivory, and EFN production was monitored.Key Results Above- and/or below-ground herbivory significantly increased the percentage of leaves with active nectaries, the volume of EFN and the mass of soluble solids within the nectar. Simultaneous above- and below-ground herbivory induced a higher volume of EFN and mass of soluble solids than below-ground herbivory alone, but highest EFN production was induced by above-ground herbivory when below-ground herbivores were absent.Conclusions The induction of EFN production by below-ground damage suggests that systemic induction underlies some of the EFN response. The strong induction by above-ground herbivory in the absence of below-ground herbivory points to specific induction based on above-and below-ground signals that may be adaptive for this above-ground indirect defence.