CLADISTIC TESTS OF ADAPTATIONAL HYPOTHESES
CLADISTIC TESTS OF ADAPTATIONAL HYPOTHESES
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1096-0031.1988.tb00465.x
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发表时间：
1988-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
CODDINGTON, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CODDINGTON, JA
进化的观点提供了适应的历史定义和对进化适应的操作生态学检验。适应是自然选择促进的非同形功能，而非同形功能。因此，适应是一个有条件的、有层次的、比较的术语，就像同源一样。没有明确拟态程度的适应假说是站不住脚的；他们应该参考和解释在相对于半胚（外群）条件的非胚水平上的功能。在对衍生性状的非纯性函数和准纯性性状的准纯性函数的零假设进行比较时，适应性假设作为先验预测。区分关于字符的假设是否有助于识别选择是有用的：1)字符的起源；2)其维护；3)也;或者两者都有。后两者在很大程度上是均变论和可检验的。前两种可能性使用辅助论据以某种方式保护自然选择作用的假设，但仍可能受到似是而非的标准的检验。假设物种的起源和维持都是由于自然选择，适应性的检验仍然可能受阻，因为只有某些类型的经典结构允许可行的检验。很少有真正经典和常见的超特异性适应的例子能在这种进化测试中幸存下来。
A cladistic viewpoint provides a historical definition of adaptation and on operational ecological test for evolutionary adaptations. Adaptation is apomorphic function promoted by natural selection, as compared with plesiomorphic function. Adaptation is thus, a conditional, hierarchical, comparative term, like homology. Hypotheses of adaptation that do not specify levels of apomorphy are weak; they should refer to and explain the function at the level at which it is apomorphic with respect to the plesiomorphic (outgroup) condition. The adaptational hypothesis serves as a prior prediction in the comparison of the apomorphic function of the derived trait with the plesiomorphic function of the plesiomorphic trait serving as the null hypothesis. It is useful to distinguish whether hypotheses about characters identify selection as facilitating: 1) the orgin of a character; 2) its maintenance; 3) neither; or 4) both. The latter two are uniformitarian and testable in a strong sense. The former two possibilities use ancillary arguments to protect the hypothesis of the role of natural selection in one way or another, but might still be tested by the weak criterion of plausibility. Given a hypothesis of both origin and maintenance due to seletion, the test of adaptation may still be thwarted because only certain kinds of clasistic structure allow feasible tests. Few of the really classic and common examples of supraspecific adaptation survive this kind of cladisitc test.