The speed and cost of industrial innovation in Japan and the United States: external vs. internal technology
The speed and cost of industrial innovation in Japan and the United States: external vs. internal technology
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DOI：
10.1287/mnsc.34.10.1157
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发表时间：
1988-10
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
E. Mansfield
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Mansfield
这项研究基于从大约200家日本和美国公司中精心挑选的样本中获得的详细数据，似乎是对日本和美国在创新成本和时间方面差异的第一次全面实证调查。虽然日本在这方面在某些工业，特别是机械工业方面具有实质性的优势，但在其他工业，特别是化学工业方面，他们似乎没有任何实质性的优势。基于外部技术的创新优势明显，而基于内部技术的创新优势明显不足。日本公司分配资源的方式与美国公司大不相同，总创新成本中用于工具和制造设备及设施的比例较大，用于营销创业的比例较小。美国在这方面的很大一部分问题似乎是由于它在快速有效地利用外部技术方面明显无法与日本相提并论。
This study, based on detailed data obtained from carefully selected samples of about 200 Japanese and American firms, seems to be the first comprehensive empirical investigation of the differences between Japan and the United States in innovation cost and time. Whereas the Japanese have substantial advantages in this regard in some industries notably machinery, they do not seem to have any substantial advantage in others notably chemicals. Whereas they have great advantages in carrying out innovations based on external technology, they do not seem to have any in carrying out innovations based on internal technology. Japanese firms allocate their resources quite differently than do American firms, a larger percentage of total innovation cost being devoted to tooling and manufacturing equipment and facilities, a smaller percentage being devoted to marketing startup. A large part of America's problem in this regard seems to be due to its apparent inability to match Japan as a quick and effective user of external technology.