Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems
Zoonotic host diversity increases in human-dominated ecosystems
复制标题
在人类主导的生态系统中，人畜共患病宿主多样性增加
DOI：
10.1038/s41586-020-2562-8
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发表时间：
2020-08-05
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Jones, Kate E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gibb, Rory;Redding, David W.;Jones, Kate E.
与未受干扰的生境相比，人类管理的生态系统中的野生动物群落所包含的共享人类病原体的物种比例更高，丰度也更高，这表明景观变化为人类与人类疾病的潜在宿主之间的接触创造了越来越多的机会。土地利用变化——例如，将自然栖息地转变为农业或城市生态系统——被广泛认为会影响人类人畜共患疾病的风险和出现（1,2）。然而，这种风险变化是否受到可预测的生态变化的支持仍不清楚。有研究表明，由于物种对人类压力的适应能力存在系统性、性状介导的差异，生境干扰可能会导致潜在宿主的本地多样性和分类组成发生可预测的变化（3,4）。本文分析了全球6,801个生态群落和376个寄主物种，并对研究成果进行了控制，结果表明土地利用对当地人畜共患病寄主群落具有全球性和系统性的影响。与附近未受干扰的栖息地相比，在人类大量利用的地点（二级、农业和城市生态系统），人类共有病原体和寄生虫的已知野生动物宿主总体上占当地物种丰富度（高18-72%）和总丰度（高21-144%）的比例更高。这种影响的程度因分类而异，对啮齿动物、蝙蝠和雀形目鸟类人畜共患病宿主物种的影响最大，这可能是支持这些类群作为人畜共患病宿主的全球重要性的一个因素。我们进一步表明，总体上携带更多病原体的哺乳动物物种（无论是人类共有的还是非人类共有的）更有可能出现在人类管理的生态系统中，这表明这些趋势可能是由生态或生活史特征介导的，这些特征会影响宿主状态和对人类干扰的耐受性（5,6）。我们的研究结果表明，全球土地利用模式和强度的变化正在扩大人、牲畜和野生动物之间人畜共患疾病的危险界面。
Wildlife communities in human-managed ecosystems contain proportionally more species that share human pathogens, and at a higher abundance, than undisturbed habitats, suggesting that landscape transformation creates increasing opportunities for contact between humans and potential hosts of human disease.Land use change-for example, the conversion of natural habitats to agricultural or urban ecosystems-is widely recognized to influence the risk and emergence of zoonotic disease in humans(1,2). However, whether such changes in risk are underpinned by predictable ecological changes remains unclear. It has been suggested that habitat disturbance might cause predictable changes in the local diversity and taxonomic composition of potential reservoir hosts, owing to systematic, trait-mediated differences in species resilience to human pressures(3,4). Here we analyse 6,801 ecological assemblages and 376 host species worldwide, controlling for research effort, and show that land use has global and systematic effects on local zoonotic host communities. Known wildlife hosts of human-shared pathogens and parasites overall comprise a greater proportion of local species richness (18-72% higher) and total abundance (21-144% higher) in sites under substantial human use (secondary, agricultural and urban ecosystems) compared with nearby undisturbed habitats. The magnitude of this effect varies taxonomically and is strongest for rodent, bat and passerine bird zoonotic host species, which may be one factor that underpins the global importance of these taxa as zoonotic reservoirs. We further show that mammal species that harbour more pathogens overall (either human-shared or non-human-shared) are more likely to occur in human-managed ecosystems, suggesting that these trends may be mediated by ecological or life-history traits that influence both host status and tolerance to human disturbance(5,6). Our results suggest that global changes in the mode and the intensity of land use are creating expanding hazardous interfaces between people, livestock and wildlife reservoirs of zoonotic disease.