Stabilized Morphological Evolution of Spiders Despite Mosaic Changes in Foraging Ecology
Stabilized Morphological Evolution of Spiders Despite Mosaic Changes in Foraging Ecology
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DOI：
10.1093/sysbio/syac023
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发表时间：
2022-04-23
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Ramirez，Martin J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wolff，Jonas O.;Wierucka，Kaja;Ramirez，Martin J.
动物研究中的一个突出问题是形态和生态的进化如何在表型多样性的产生中相互作用。蜘蛛是陆地生态系统中数量最多的节肢动物捕食者之一，并表现出多样化的觅食方式。目前还不清楚蜘蛛的身体大小和比例与觅食方式之间的关系，以及使用蛛网作为捕获猎物的工具是否与身体特征的变化有关。在这里，我们提出了迄今为止蜘蛛形态计量学和生态特征的最广泛的数据集。我们使用这些数据集来估计蜘蛛身体大小和形状在很长一段时间内的变化，并测试蜘蛛的表型是否以及如何与它们的行为生态学相关。我们发现大多数性状的系统发育变异最符合Ornstein-Uhlenbeck模型，这是一种稳定选择的模型。一个突出的例外是体长，它的进化动力学可以用布朗运动（自由性状扩散）模型来最好地解释。这在蛛形纲中表现得最为明显，蛛形纲表现出小型化或巨人化的双峰趋势。只有少数性状在不同生态行会之间存在显著差异，最显著的是腿长和腿厚。尽管多元框架发现不同生态行会之间的性状存在普遍差异，但不可能明确地将一组形态计量性状与相对生态模式联系起来。长而细的腿经常进化为空中网和悬挂（悬吊）运动风格，但这种趋势不是普遍的。在不同的生态行会中，眼睛的大小和牙齿的长度没有差异，这就否定了蛛网减少了对视觉线索识别和猎物固定的需要的假设。对于具有未知行为的物种的生态学推断，我们建议不要使用形态计量特征，而是参考（微观）形态特征，例如某些足部结构的存在。这些结果表明，与昆虫相比，蜘蛛的身体比例进化异常稳定，生态适应主要是通过行为特征和扩展表型实现的。这项工作表明，将系统基因组学的最新进展与基于性状的方法相结合，可以通过空间和时间更好地了解全球功能多样性模式。(动物架构;蛛形纲;蜘蛛类;扩展的表型;功能特征;大进化;稳定的选择。)
A prominent question in animal research is how the evolution of morphology and ecology interacts in the generation of phenotypic diversity. Spiders are some of the most abundant arthropod predators in terrestrial ecosystems and exhibit a diversity of foraging styles. It remains unclear how spider body size and proportions relate to foraging style, and if the use of webs as prey capture devices correlates with changes in body characteristics. Here, we present the most extensive data set to date of morphometric and ecological traits in spiders. We used this data set to estimate the change in spider body sizes and shapes over deep time and to test if and how spider phenotypes are correlated with their behavioral ecology. We found that phylogenetic variation of most traits best fitted an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model, which is a model of stabilizing selection. A prominent exception was body length, whose evolutionary dynamics were best explained with a Brownian Motion (free trait diffusion) model. This was most expressed in the araneoid clade (ecribellate orb-weaving spiders and allies) that showed bimodal trends toward either miniaturization or gigantism. Only few traits differed significantly between ecological guilds, most prominently leg length and thickness, and although a multivariate framework found general differences in traits among ecological guilds, it was not possible to unequivocally associate a set of morphometric traits with the relative ecological mode. Long, thin legs have often evolved with aerial webs and a hanging (suspended) locomotion style, but this trend is not general. Eye size and fang length did not differ between ecological guilds, rejecting the hypothesis that webs reduce the need for visual cue recognition and prey immobilization. For the inference of the ecology of species with unknown behaviors, we propose not to use morphometric traits, but rather consult (micro-)morphological characters, such as the presence of certain podal structures. These results suggest that, in contrast to insects, the evolution of body proportions in spiders is unusually stabilized and ecological adaptations are dominantly realized by behavioral traits and extended phenotypes in this group of predators. This work demonstrates the power of combining recent advances in phylogenomics with trait-based approaches to better understand global functional diversity patterns through space and time. [Animal architecture; Arachnida; Araneae; extended phenotype; functional traits; macroevolution; stabilizing selection.]