Stimulus overselectivity in autistic and mentally retarded children--a research note.

Stimulus overselectivity in autistic and mentally retarded children--a research note.
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自闭症和弱智儿童的刺激过度选择性——一份研究报告。

DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-7610.1984.tb01727.x
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发表时间:
1984
期刊:
Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Freeman,BJ
Freeman,BJ
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Frankel,F;Simmons3rd,JQ;Fichter,M;Freeman,BJ

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当自闭症儿童被训练对多种线索做出反应时,他们的行为往往会受到这些线索的有限子集的控制。这种现象被称为"刺激过度选择性"(Lovaas等人,1971),因为在相同的范例中,正常儿童证明他们可以比自闭症儿童对更大的线索做出反应。其含义是"......儿童仅对相关线索的一部分,或甚至对环境的次要的、通常不相关的特征作出反应,而不了解该环境的其他相关部分"(Lovaas等人,1979年,第1237页)。研究表明,无论是要学习的线索的数量(Lovaas和Schreibman,1971),还是线索的形式(Koegel和Wilhelm,1973; Reynolds等人,1974),似乎都不会影响自闭症儿童相对于对照组的过度选择程度。但是过度选择的程度似乎是线索相似性的函数(参见。Koegel和Lovaas,1978年)和暴露于单独呈现的成分线索的数量(Schreibman等人,1977),Lovaas et al.(1971)首先支持这样的观点,即刺激过度选择性可能是自闭症儿童的一个关键缺陷。许多作者认为,过度选择性可能在自闭症儿童在社会和语言领域的缺陷中发挥作用(Reynolds等人,1974; Frankel等人,1976; Wilhelm和Lovaas,1976; Lovaas等人,1979)。然而,最近有人提出,无论诊断如何,智商或心理年龄都可能与儿童表现出的过度选择性程度有关(Wilhelm和Lovaas,1976; Koegel和Lovaas,1978; Lovaas等人,1979)。Lovaas等人(1979 1241页)表示了以下保留意见:"将心理年龄与过度选择性联系起来的这一一般性结论是否适用于多模式刺激,仍有待确定。在采用这种刺激化合物的研究进行之前,过度选择性作为自闭症的病因因素的地位仍然存在疑问。"为了使自闭症、弱智和正常群体具有一定的可比性,在适当确定心理年龄方面固有的困难从一开始就困扰着这一研究领域。有人怀疑
WHEN AUTISTIC children are trained to respond to multiple cues their behavior tends to come under the control of a restricted subset of these cues. This phenomenon has been referred to as' stimulus overselectivity'(Lovaas et al., 1971) because in the same paradigm, normal children demonstrate that they can respond to a much larger set of cues than autistic children can. The implication has been"... that the children respond to only part of a relevant cue, or even to a minor, often irrelevant feature of the environment, without learning about the other relevant portions of that environment"(Lovaas et at., 1979, p. 1237). Studies have shown that neither the number of cues to be learned (Lovaas and Schreibman, 1971) nor the modality of the cues (Koegel and Wilhelm, 1973; Reynolds et ai, 1974) seems to influence the degree of overselectivity in autistic children relative to control subjects. But the degree of overselectivity has appeared to be a function of the similarity of cues (cf. Koegel and Lovaas, 1978) and the number of exposures to component cues presented alone (Schreibman et al., 1977), Lovaas et al.(1971) first espoused the view that stimulus overselectivity may represent a key deficit in autistic children. Many authors have suggested that overselectivity may play a role in deficits which autistic children evidence in social and linguistic areas (Reynolds et ai, 1974; Frankel et ai, 1976; Wilhelm and Lovaas, 1976; Lovaas et ai, 1979). Recently, however, concern was raised that either IQ or mental age may be related to the degree of overselectivity which a child displays, regardless of diagnosis (Wilhelm and Lovaas, 1976; Koegel and Lovaas, 1978; Lovaas et ai, 1979). Lovaas et al.(1979, p. 1241) expressed the following reservations:" It remains to be determined whether this general finding that relates mental age to overselectivity will hold up with multimodal stimuli.... Until such studies employing such stimulus compounds are carried out, the status of overselectivity as an etiological factor in autism remains in doubt...." The difficulty inherent in adequately determining mental age in order to make autistic, retarded and normal groups somewhat comparable has plagued this area of research since its beginning. Scepticism has been raised concerning the validity
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