Motion sickness
Motion sickness
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-444-63437-5.00027-3
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Golding, J. F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Golding, J. F.
2000多年前，希腊医生希波克拉底写道：“在海上航行证明，运动会扰乱身体。事实上，“恶心”一词来源于希腊词根naus，因此“航海”，意思是船。晕动病的主要症状和体征是恶心和呕吐。晕动病可以由各种各样的运输环境引起，包括陆地，海洋，空中和太空。最近引进的新的视觉技术可能会使更多的人受到视觉诱发的运动病的影响。本章描述了晕动病的症状和体征以及不同类型的刺激。晕动病的“如何”（即，该机制）通常被认为涉及感官冲突，为此要审查证据。新的观察关注的是确定假定的“感觉冲突”神经元和潜在的大脑机制。但是，如果有的话，晕动病的原因或目的是什么？这就是晕动病产生的“原因”，本文从进化和非功能性适应不良两个角度进行了分析。在正常人群中，易感性的个体差异很大，并对预测因素进行了综述。晕动病的易感性在特殊的患者群体之间也有很大的差异，包括那些患有不同类型的前庭疾病和偏头痛的患者。最后，各种行为和药理学对策的疗效和相对优势和劣势进行了评估。
Over 2000 years ago the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote, "sailing on the sea proves that motion disorders the body." Indeed, the word "nausea" derives from the Greek root word naus, hence "nautical," meaning a ship. The primary signs and symptoms of motion sickness are nausea and vomiting. Motion sickness can be provoked by a wide variety of transport environments, including land, sea, air, and space. The recent introduction of new visual technologies may expose more of the population to visually induced motion sickness. This chapter describes the signs and symptoms of motion sickness and different types of provocative stimuli. The "how" of motion sickness (i.e., the mechanism) is generally accepted to involve sensory conflict, for which the evidence is reviewed. New observations concern the identification of putative "sensory conflict" neurons and the underlying brain mechanisms. But what reason or purpose does motion sickness serve, if any? This is the "why" of motion sickness, which is analyzed from both evolutionary and nonfunctional maladaptive theoretic perspectives. Individual differences in susceptibility are great in the normal population and predictors are reviewed. Motion sickness susceptibility also varies dramatically between special groups of patients, including those with different types of vestibular disease and in migraineurs. Finally, the efficacy and relative advantages and disadvantages of various behavioral and pharmacologic countermeasures are evaluated.