Multiantibiotic resistance caused by active drug extrusion in hospital pathogens.
Multiantibiotic resistance caused by active drug extrusion in hospital pathogens.
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02490031
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发表时间：
1997-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Yoneyama, Hiroshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nakae, Taiji;Yoshihara, Eisaku;Yoneyama, Hiroshi
从细菌到哺乳动物的所有生物体都将有毒化合物排出到外部介质中。当暴露于抗生素时，细菌主动挤出细胞内抗生素并对药物产生耐药性。院内金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和其他细菌对广泛的抗生素和结构和功能上不同的化疗剂和消毒剂具有抗性。由于这个原因，医院感染在免疫功能低下的患者中尤其难以治疗，这些患者可能被低毒力细菌感染。铜绿假单胞菌中的挤出相关抗生素抗性由Mex挤出泵的表达引起，包括遗传上不同的mexA-mexB-oprM、mexC-mexD-oprj和mexE-mexF-oprN系统，每个系统编码两种内膜蛋白和一种外膜蛋白。S.金黄色葡萄球菌通过表达诺拉（NorA）挤出蛋白而对氟喹诺酮产生抗性，并通过表达Qac挤出蛋白而对消毒剂产生抗性。药物挤出机械可根据其呈现的跨膜区段的数量分为几类。属于主要易化剂超家族的蛋白质具有12或14个跨膜区段。分子量为12，000至15，000的挤出蛋白跨越膜4次，统称为小多药耐药蛋白。革兰氏阴性菌的外膜蛋白是革兰氏阴性菌中的一种胞外蛋白，属于耐药细胞分裂家族。
All living organisms from bacteria to mammals extrude noxious compounds to the external medium. When exposed to antibiotics, bacteria actively extrude intracellular antibiotic and develop resistance to the drug. Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureaus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria are resistant to a broad range of antibiotics and to structurally and functionally diverse chemotherapeutic agents and disinfectants. For this reason nosocomial infections are especially hard to treat in immunocompromised patients who may be infected by low-virulence bacteria. Extrusion-related antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa arises by the expression of Mex-extrusion pumps, including genetically distinct mexA-mexB-oprM, mexC-mexD-oprj, and mexE-mexF-oprN systems, each encoding two inner membrane proteins and one outer membrane protein. S. aureus becomes resistant to fluoroquinolone by expressing NorA extrusion proteins and to disinfectants by expressing Qac extrusion proteins. The drug extrusion machinery may be classified into several categories according to the number of transmembrane segments it exhibits. The proteins that belong to a major facilitator super family have 12 or 14 transmembrane segments. The extrusion proteins with molecular weight of 12,000 to 15,000 span the membrane 4 times and are collectively called small multidrug resistance proteins. The extrusion proteins that transport substrate across the inner and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria are in the resistance nodulation cell division family.