Emulation and Malicious Attacks to Doppler and FMCW Radars for Human Sensing Applications
Emulation and Malicious Attacks to Doppler and FMCW Radars for Human Sensing Applications
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DOI：
10.1109/tmtt.2022.3208026
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发表时间：
2023-02
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Prateek Nallabolu;Daniel Rodriguez;Changzhi Li
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Prateek Nallabolu;Daniel Rodriguez;Changzhi Li
本文给出了基于多普勒雷达的运动传感器和调频连续波(FMCW)雷达用于无创生命体征测量和人体存在感知的仿真和反攻击场景。与现有的雷达威胁模型相比，该模型被调整为模拟雷达测量的人类目标的两个特征，即行走的人产生的运动伪影和固有的胸部运动。电子合成上述特性可能会干扰用于自动化、生物认证和监视应用的雷达系统的正常运行。攻击/仿真系统是使用商用射频(RF)组件实现的。设计了5.8 GHz的多普勒和FMCW模式系统的台式样机，并通过实验验证了这些系统的威胁性。首先，利用单边带(SSB)混频器对多普勒雷达发射的连续波(CW)信号进行电子调制，以模拟行走的人体对象。接下来，通过使用模拟移相器将虚假的人类目标注入FMCW雷达，该移相器模仿真实人类受试者的生命体征运动。除了模拟人类生命体征的运动，FMCW模式欺骗系统还能够改变人类目标的距离，而不需要与受害者雷达进行任何同步。FMCW模式欺骗系统成功欺骗了两种最先进的人体检测算法。最后，对所提出的多普勒和FMCW模式欺骗器结构分别用作雷达目标仿真器的可行性进行了简要讨论。
This article presents emulation and adverse attack scenarios for Doppler radar-based motion sensors and frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars employed for noninvasive vital signs measurement and human presence sensing. In contrast to existing radar threat models, the proposed model is tuned to mimic two characteristics of a human target measured by radars, i.e., the motion artifacts generated by a walking human and the inherent chest motion. Electronically synthesizing the abovementioned characteristics can interfere with the normal operation of radar systems used for automation, bioauthentication, and surveillance applications. The attacking/emulation systems were realized using commercially available radio frequency (RF) components. The 5.8-GHz benchtop prototypes of the Doppler- and FMCW-mode systems were designed, and experiments were conducted to validate the threat of these systems. First, a single-sideband (SSB) mixer is utilized to electronically modulate the continuous-wave (CW) signal transmitted by a Doppler radar to resemble a walking human subject. Next, fake human targets are injected into an FMCW radar by using an analog phase shifter that mimics the vital sign motion of a real human subject. In addition to impersonating the human vital sign motion, the FMCW mode spoofing system has the capability to alter the range of the human target without requiring any synchronization with the victim radar. The FMCW mode spoofing system successfully deceived two state-of-the-art human detection algorithms. Finally, a brief discussion is presented on the feasibility of using the proposed Doppler and FMCW mode spoofing device architecture as respective radar target emulators.