Changes in Slash-and-Burn Agriculture after the Introduction of Cash Crops in the Hilly Areas of Laos
Changes in Slash-and-Burn Agriculture after the Introduction of Cash Crops in the Hilly Areas of Laos
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老挝丘陵地区引进经济作物后刀耕火种农业的变化
DOI：
10.4200/jjhg1948.56.449
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Nakatsuji
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Nakatsuji
尽管自给自足的刀耕火种水稻生产仍然是老挝北部丘陵地区的主要土地利用方式，但现在问题越来越多，特别是在主干道附近的地区。主要由于人口压力的增加，休闲期缩短了，除草所需的劳动力大幅增加。此外，老挝政府认为轮作种植是砍伐森林的一个主要原因，最近启动了一系列政策来限制这一现象。目前正在实施的主要政策是“土地分配计划”，该计划旨在稳定轮作种植，并通过向每户分配有限面积的农地来促进永久农业。另一方面，自1986年老挝政府采取重振市场的政策以来，轮作种植者以市场为导向的农业活动，如经济作物种植、林产品采集、畜牧业和柚木种植园林业，现在变得越来越重要。因此，现金收入在农村和城市地区变得非常重要。在这些活动中，经济作物种植目前在老挝北部的一些地区被广泛采用，影响了当地的土地利用和生计。这在一定程度上要归功于老挝政府的政策；政府目前正在推广经济作物集约农业，以取代刀耕火种的水稻生产。本研究旨在揭示经济作物种植对老挝丘陵地区土地利用的影响，重点是位于老挝北部最大城镇琅勃拉邦以南25公里的10号村。主要的民族是库木族。在这个村子里，种植着旱稻和经济作物(约伯的眼泪和纸桑)的旱地用GPS绘制了地图，描述了今天的土地利用情况。并对每家每户进行了访谈，调查了每一块田地的家庭经济和土地利用历史。结论如下：在10号村，1996年进行了土地分配计划，随后当地政府和国际组织推动经济作物精耕细作，以取代刀耕火种的水稻生产。部分由于这一政策，许多家庭开始种植约伯的眼泪和纸桑，但它从来都不是刀耕火种水稻生产的替代选择。约伯的眼泪是一种谷类作物，出口到泰国和台湾，然后被加工成啤酒、糖果和健康食品。尽管种植通常利润丰厚，但由于价格波动较大，家庭不能永久依赖它。纸桑是一种乔木作物，其内部树皮主要出口到泰国，并加工成纸。它价格稳定，易于种植，但由于利润较低，很少精耕细作。另一方面，旱稻种植仍然是村里最重要的土地利用方式，每户1.13公顷的规模涉及88%的家庭。大多数家庭在没有遵守土地分配方案建立的规则的情况下继续生产。如今，他们在更短的休耕时间和更长的耕作周期下轮作，这导致了对杂草防除的劳动力需求非常显著地增加。如果通过限制农用地来加剧轮作，它就不能继续下去。因此，许多家庭仍然按照规划的规定在禁止耕种的土地上继续生活，大多数家庭将以生存为导向的水稻生产与以市场为导向的经济作物种植结合起来。这种结合对它们有重要的好处，因为它们可以减轻经济作物歉收或这种自给生产导致的市场价格下跌所带来的风险。
Though subsistence-oriented slash-and-burn rice production is still the major land use in the hilly areas of Northern Laos, it is now increasingly problematic, especially in areas adjacent to main roads. Due principally to increased population pressure, the period of fallow has declined and labor requirements for weeding have dramatically increased. In addition, the Lao government considers shifting cultivation to be a major cause of deforestation and has recently initiated a series of policies to restrict it. The main policy now being implemented is the 'land allocation program' which aims to stabilize shifting cultivation and to promote permanent agriculture by allocating a limited area of agricultural land to each household.On the other hand, market-oriented agricultural activities of shifting cultivators, such as cash crop cultivation, collection of forest products, animal husbandry and teak plantation forestry, are now becoming increasingly important since the Lao government adopted a policy to revitalize the market from 1986. As a result, a cash income has become very important in rural and urban areas. Among these activities, cash crop cultivation is now widely adopted in some areas of Northern Laos, influencing local land use and livelihood. This is due in part to the policy of the Lao government; the government is now promoting intensive agriculture with cash crops as an alternative to slash-and-burn rice production.The present study aims to reveal the influence of the introduction of cash crop cultivation on land use in the hilly areas of Laos, with a focus on Number 10 Village, which is located 25km to the south of Luang Prabang, the largest town in Northern Laos. The main ethnic group is the Khmu. In this village, the upland fields planted with both upland rice and cash crops (Job's tears and paper mulberry) were mapped by means of GPS to describe today's land use. Interviews were also conducted with every household to investigate the household economy and land use history of each field.The conclusions are as follows.In Number 10 Village, the land allocation program was conducted in 1996 and afterwards intensive cultivation of cash crops was promoted by the local government and international organizations as an alternative to slash-and-burn rice production. Due in part to this policy, many households have started cultivating Job's tears and paper mulberry, but it has never been an alternative to slash-and-burn rice production. Job's tears is a cereal crop which is exported to Thailand and Taiwan, and is then processed into beer, sweets and health foods. Although cultivation is usually highly profitable, households cannot rely permanently on it due to large price fluctuations. Paper mulberry is a tree crop, the inner bark of which is exported mainly to Thailand and is processed into paper. It has a rather stable price and is easy to cultivate, but is rarely cultivated intensively because of its low profitability.On the other hand, upland rice cultivation is still the most important land use practice in the village, engaging 88% of households at the scale of 1.13 ha per household. Most households continue production without observing the rules established by the land allocation program. Today, they practice it under the rotation of shorter fallow and an increased cultivation period, which has caused a very significant increase in the labor requirements for weed control. If the rotation is intensified by limiting agricultural land, it cannot be continued. Therefore, many households still continue on land where cultivation is prohibited according to the rules established by the program.Most households combine subsistence-oriented rice production and market-oriented cash crop cultivation. This combination has important merit for them in that they can mitigate the risks associated with cash crop failure or a fall in the market price due to this subsistence production.
东南亚亚热带地区最近扩大的轮耕方式的生态因素：为何可以缩短休耕期？
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2002
期刊：
Southeast Asian Studies 40
影响因子：
--
作者：
Momose;K.
通讯作者：
K.