Trophic redundancy reduces vulnerability to extinction cascades.
Trophic redundancy reduces vulnerability to extinction cascades.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1716825115
复制
发表时间：
2018-03-06
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Frank van Veen FJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sanders D;Thébault E;Kehoe R;Frank van Veen FJ
由于生态系统中物种的相互联系，最初的物种损失可能导致后续的灭绝。人类影响造成的生物多样性丧失可能改变生态群落的结构，模型预测，这可能影响二次灭绝的可能性。独特的是，我们提供了一个经验证明，这与植物-昆虫食物网实验专注于一个特定的二次灭绝机制。这种机械的方法导致具体的，经验可检验的假设，可以告知生态群落结构变化的后果的预测模型的发展。目前物种灭绝率处于前所未有的高水平。虽然人类活动可能是某些物种灭绝的直接原因，但越来越明显的是，物种灭绝本身也可能是进一步灭绝的原因，因为物种通过它们之间的生态相互作用网络相互影响。令人关切的是，由于物种和生态相互作用的丧失，生态系统变得简单化，使它们更容易受到这种次级破坏的影响。据预测，更复杂的食物网将不太容易受到二次灭绝，由于更大的营养冗余，可以缓冲对物种损失的影响。在这里，我们在对复制的植物-昆虫群落进行的田间实验中证明，在包含营养冗余的食物网中，二次灭绝的可能性确实较小。收获一种寄生蜂导致其他间接联系的物种在同一营养级的二次灭绝。在简单的群落中，这种效应明显强于在更复杂的食物网中的同一物种。我们表明，这是由于在更复杂的食物网功能冗余，并确认这一机制与食物网模拟模型，突出的重要性，营养链的存在和强度提供冗余的那些链接丢失。我们的研究结果表明，生物多样性的丧失，导致减少冗余的相互作用，可以增加生态系统的脆弱性，以二次生态破坏，当它们发生时，可能会导致进一步的简化和失控的灭绝级联。
Initial species loss can lead to follow-on extinctions because of the interconnectedness of species in ecosystems. The loss of biodiversity through human impact can change the structure of ecological communities, which, models predict, can affect the likelihood of secondary extinctions. Uniquely, we provide an empirical demonstration of this with a plant-insect food web experiment by focusing on a particular secondary extinction mechanism. This mechanistic approach leads to specific, empirically testable hypotheses that can inform the development of predictive models on the consequences of changes in ecological community structure. Current species extinction rates are at unprecedentedly high levels. While human activities can be the direct cause of some extinctions, it is becoming increasingly clear that species extinctions themselves can be the cause of further extinctions, since species affect each other through the network of ecological interactions among them. There is concern that the simplification of ecosystems, due to the loss of species and ecological interactions, increases their vulnerability to such secondary extinctions. It is predicted that more complex food webs will be less vulnerable to secondary extinctions due to greater trophic redundancy that can buffer against the effects of species loss. Here, we demonstrate in a field experiment with replicated plant-insect communities, that the probability of secondary extinctions is indeed smaller in food webs that include trophic redundancy. Harvesting one species of parasitoid wasp led to secondary extinctions of other, indirectly linked, species at the same trophic level. This effect was markedly stronger in simple communities than for the same species within a more complex food web. We show that this is due to functional redundancy in the more complex food webs and confirm this mechanism with a food web simulation model by highlighting the importance of the presence and strength of trophic links providing redundancy to those links that were lost. Our results demonstrate that biodiversity loss, leading to a reduction in redundant interactions, can increase the vulnerability of ecosystems to secondary extinctions, which, when they occur, can then lead to further simplification and run-away extinction cascades.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Kehoe R;Frago E;Barten C;Jecker F;van Veen F;Sanders D
通讯作者：
Sanders D
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2010.1062
发表时间：
2011-01-07
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Edwards, David P.;Larsen, Trond H.;Wilcove, David S.
通讯作者：
Wilcove, David S.
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Borrvall, C;Ebenman, B
通讯作者：
Ebenman, B
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Sanders, Dirk;van Veen, F. J. Frank
通讯作者：
van Veen, F. J. Frank
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Borrvall, C;Ebenman, B;Jonsson, T
通讯作者：
Jonsson, T