Cognitive control ability mediates prediction costs in monolinguals and bilinguals.
Cognitive control ability mediates prediction costs in monolinguals and bilinguals.
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认知控制能力调节单语者和双语者的预测成本。
DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.001
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Kroll,JudithF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zirnstein,Megan;vanHell,JanetG;Kroll,JudithF
在本研究中，我们考察了认知控制和语言调节能力在母语（L1）和第二语言（L2）阅读时读者对预测错误成本的易感性中所起的中介作用。24名英语单语者（实验1）和28名中英双语者（实验2）在阅读英语句子的同时记录脑电图。这些句子在对即将到来的预期单词的可预测性以及该预测是否得到证实方面有所不同。单语者表现出对未满足期望的句子语境（即遇到意想不到的单词时）的敏感性，其形式是晚发的、正面分布的积极，但双语者的这种影响更为复杂。对于两组，预测任务的表现都受到AX-CPT的个体差异的调节，这是一种抑制控制的测量。然而，双语者在第二语言中的阅读表现不仅受到抑制控制的影响，还受到他们在母语语言流畅性任务中的表现的影响，该任务索引了与他们的语言优势和沉浸情境相关的语言调节和生产能力。母语调节能力较好的双语者在面对第二语言中意想不到的单词时，其额叶正性更大，这一效应被抑制控制能力减弱。相比之下，调节能力较低的双语者产生了更大的、晚的负性，这也是由控制介导的。这些发现表明，当沉浸在第二语言环境中时，调节母语的能力可以影响第二语言阅读时预测过程的潜在机制。此外，认知控制能力，特别是抑制控制，似乎调解了读者在预测不被证实时所产生的困难，不仅在母语中，而且对于熟练的双语阅读的第二语言也是如此。我们认为，在第一语言和第二语言的预测过程中，参与的机制基本上是相同的，而双语者的不同之处在于他们的语言经验和语言使用所施加的额外要求。
In this study, we examined the role that cognitive control and language regulation ability play in mediating readers’ susceptibility to prediction error costs when reading in the native language (L1) or a second language (L2). Twenty-four English monolinguals (Experiment 1) and 28 Chinese-English bilinguals (Experiment 2) read sentences in English while their EEG was recorded. The sentences varied in the predictability of an upcoming expected word and in whether that prediction was confirmed. Monolinguals showed sensitivity to sentence contexts in which expectations were not met (i.e., when unexpected words were encountered) in the form of a late, frontally-distributed positivity, but for bilinguals this effect was more complex. For both groups, performance on the prediction task was modulated by individual differences on the AX-CPT, a measure of inhibitory control. However, the bilinguals' reading performance in the L2 was affected not only by inhibitory control, but also by their performance on an L1 verbal fluency task that indexed language regulation and production capability, related to their language dominance and immersion context. Bilinguals with better regulation of the L1 generated a larger frontal positivity in response to unexpected words in the L2, an effect that was attenuated by inhibitory control ability. In contrast, bilinguals with lower regulatory ability generated a larger, late negativity, which was also mediated by control. These findings suggest that the ability to regulate the native language when immersed in a second language environment can influence mechanisms underlying the prediction process when reading in the L2. In addition, cognitive control ability, specifically inhibitory control, appears to mediate the difficulty readers incur when predictions are disconfirmed, not only in the native language, but also for proficient bilinguals reading in the L2. We argue that the mechanisms engaged during prediction in the L1 and L2 are fundamentally the same, and that what differs for bilinguals are the additional demands imposed by their language experience and language use.