The echinoderm innate humoral immune response
The echinoderm innate humoral immune response
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DOI：
10.1080/11250003.2015.1061615
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发表时间：
2015-07-03
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Russo, R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Chiaramonte, M.;Russo, R.
多细胞生物有一个免疫系统，这对生物的生存是必不可少的。自从1980年发现果蝇(Meigen，1830)和哺乳动物天然免疫的共同特征以来，人们对免疫系统的兴趣已经扩大。从那时起，免疫学主要关注似乎仅限于脊椎动物的适应性免疫系统。与天然免疫不同，适应性免疫是在暴露于特定抗原(Ag)后获得的，包括：抗原提呈细胞(如巨噬细胞)、B和T淋巴细胞的增殖、Ag特异性抗体/细胞因子的产生和免疫记忆。相反，先天免疫是一种低特异性的细胞防御过程，旨在防止和对抗在组织水平上渗透的感染性病原体，可能是海胆等无脊椎动物存在的唯一免疫形式。无脊椎动物的免疫系统通过(I)细胞成分(细胞介导的免疫)发挥作用，其中防御反应的效应者由免疫细胞代表；(Ii)由免疫细胞分泌的可溶性因子(体液免疫)，如凝集素、凝集素、赖氨酸、抗菌肽和前酚氧化酶(Proo)激活系统，它们与免疫细胞并行作用，以对抗病原体和其他外来物质。本文旨在深化对无脊椎动物体液免疫的研究，尤其是棘皮虫门，因为它与原口动物和其他后口动物具有共同的特征，并暗示了进化过程中的关键一步。
Multicellular organisms have an immune system, which is essential for the survival of living beings. Interest in the immune system has been expanded since common characteristics of innate immunity between Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) and mammals were discovered in the 1980. Since then, immunology has mainly focused on the adaptive immune system that seems to be restricted to vertebrates. Unlike the innate immunity, the adaptive one is acquired after exposure to a specific antigen (Ag) and includes: antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, proliferation of B and T lymphocytes, Ag-specific antibody/cytokine production and immunological memory. Innate immunity is instead a process of cellular defense at low specificity, which is designed to prevent and combat infectious agents that penetrate at the tissue level, and may be the only form of immunity present in invertebrates such as sea urchins. The immune system of invertebrates acts through (i) cellular components (cell-mediated immunity) in which the effectors of defense reactions are represented by immune cells; (ii) soluble factors (humoral immunity), secreted by the immune cells, such as lectins, agglutinins, lysins, antimicrobial peptides and the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system, which act in parallel with the immune cells to fight pathogens and other foreign substances. Here we aim to deepen the study on humoral immunity of invertebrates, especially referring to the phylum Echinodermata because of its features shared with protostomes and other deuterostomes, and suggesting a key step during evolution.