Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: The War Power, Slave Marriage, and Inviolate Human Rights
Instead of Waiting for the Thirteenth Amendment: The War Power, Slave Marriage, and Inviolate Human Rights
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不要等待第十三修正案：战争权力、奴隶婚姻和侵犯人权
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
A. Stanley
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作者：
A. Stanley
在阿波马托克斯和平到来之前的灾难性的一年——奴隶们开始摆脱奴役，内战仍在拖延——美国国会正在辩论的两项反奴隶制法令之间出现了对立。这一对立阐明了在新世界奴隶制垮台的史诗时刻形成的普遍人权概念。一项法令成为第十三修正案；几乎被遗忘的是另一项，即国会“鼓励入伍”联邦军队的法案。该修正案规定在美国及其领土各地废除奴隶制。这项征兵措施解放了忠诚边境各州主人所拥有的士兵的妻子和孩子，这些孩子不受 1863 年《解放奴隶宣言》的约束。由于摧毁奴隶制与征服南方密不可分，奴隶们拒绝参战，除非作为交换，他们赢得了家人和自己的自由。国会废奴主义者肯定地说，“让那些在叛军军团面前冒着生命危险的男人的妻子和孩子成为奴隶，这对这个国家来说是一种极大的耻辱。”战争结束前一个月，即 1865 年 3 月 4 日，亚伯拉罕·林肯第二次就职当天，该措施生效。当第十三修正案等待批准时，当总统谈到对任何人都没有恶意时，超过 50,000 名奴隶妻子和孩子获得了自由。1 在一个不断变化的世界中，宪法
IN THE FATEFUL YEAR before peace came at Appomattox—as slaves pursued their exodus from bondage and the Civil War dragged on—a counterpoint arose between two antislavery decrees under debate in the United States Congress. That counterpoint illuminates conceptions of universal human rights forged at an epic moment in the downfall of New World slavery. One decree became the Thirteenth Amendment; all but forgotten is the other, a congressional act to “encourage Enlistments” in the Union Army. The amendment provided for abolishing slavery everywhere in the United States and its territories. The enlistment measure freed soldiers’ wives and children owned by masters in the loyal border states exempt from the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation. As destroying slavery became inseparable from vanquishing the South, bondsmen refused to go to war unless, in exchange, they won their families’ freedom as well as their own. “It is a burning shame to this country,” affirmed congressional abolitionists, “to hold the wives and the children in slavery of men who are periling their lives before the rebel legions.” A month before the war’s end, on the very day of Abraham Lincoln’s second inaugural, March 4, 1865, the measure took effect. As the Thirteenth Amendment awaited ratification and as the president spoke of malice toward none, upwards of 50,000 slave wives and children went free.1 In a world in flux, where constitutional