Analysis of Histones H3 and H4 Reveals Novel and Conserved Post-Translational Modifications in Sugarcane.
Analysis of Histones H3 and H4 Reveals Novel and Conserved Post-Translational Modifications in Sugarcane.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0134586
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Casas-Mollano JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Moraes I;Yuan ZF;Liu S;Souza GM;Garcia BA;Casas-Mollano JA
组蛋白是核小体的主要结构成分，因此是许多调节蛋白的靶标，其介导涉及染色质变化的过程。许多途径的功能结果以翻译后修饰的形式“写”在组蛋白中，这些修饰决定了最终的基因表达读数。因此，修饰，单独或组合，是染色质状态的重要决定因素。组蛋白修饰是通过添加不同的化学基团，如甲基，乙酰基和磷酸完成的。因此，识别和表征这些修饰以及与之相关的蛋白质是理解基因调控机制的第一步，将来甚至可能为育种计划提供工具。在过去的几年里，一些研究有助于增加我们对模式生物如拟南芥中表观遗传基因调控的了解，但这一领域在作物中仍然相对未被探索。在这项研究中，我们确定了单子叶作物甘蔗中的组蛋白H3和H4，并对其进行了初步表征。通过对甘蔗ESTs数据库的检索，我们发现了一些组蛋白基因。编码的蛋白质对应于典型的组蛋白及其变体。我们还纯化了大量组蛋白，并使用它们来映射组蛋白H3和H4中的翻译后修饰。在其他植物中保守的几个修饰，也新的修饰残基，被确定。特别是，我们报告O-乙酰化的丝氨酸，苏氨酸和酪氨酸，最近确定的修改保守的几种真核生物。此外，一些研究充分的修饰的亚核定位（即，H3 K4 me 3，H3 K9 me 2，H3 K27 me 3，H3 K9 ac，H3 T3 ph），并与其他植物物种进行了比较。据我们所知，这是第一次报告组蛋白H3和H4以及它们的翻译后修饰在甘蔗，并将提供一个起点，在这一作物的染色质调控的研究。
Histones are the main structural components of the nucleosome, hence targets of many regulatory proteins that mediate processes involving changes in chromatin. The functional outcome of many pathways is “written” in the histones in the form of post-translational modifications that determine the final gene expression readout. As a result, modifications, alone or in combination, are important determinants of chromatin states. Histone modifications are accomplished by the addition of different chemical groups such as methyl, acetyl and phosphate. Thus, identifying and characterizing these modifications and the proteins related to them is the initial step to understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation and in the future may even provide tools for breeding programs. Several studies over the past years have contributed to increase our knowledge of epigenetic gene regulation in model organisms like Arabidopsis, yet this field remains relatively unexplored in crops. In this study we identified and initially characterized histones H3 and H4 in the monocot crop sugarcane. We discovered a number of histone genes by searching the sugarcane ESTs database. The proteins encoded correspond to canonical histones, and their variants. We also purified bulk histones and used them to map post-translational modifications in the histones H3 and H4 using mass spectrometry. Several modifications conserved in other plants, and also novel modified residues, were identified. In particular, we report O-acetylation of serine, threonine and tyrosine, a recently identified modification conserved in several eukaryotes. Additionally, the sub-nuclear localization of some well-studied modifications (i.e., H3K4me3, H3K9me2, H3K27me3, H3K9ac, H3T3ph) is described and compared to other plant species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of histones H3 and H4 as well as their post-translational modifications in sugarcane, and will provide a starting point for the study of chromatin regulation in this crop.