Large-format, high-speed, X-ray pnCCDs combined with electron and ion imaging spectrometers in a multipurpose chamber for experiments at 4th generation light sources
Large-format, high-speed, X-ray pnCCDs combined with electron and ion imaging spectrometers in a multipurpose chamber for experiments at 4th generation light sources
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nima.2009.12.053
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发表时间：
2010-03-11
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Ullrich, Joachim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Strueder, Lothar;Eppa, Sascha;Ullrich, Joachim
第四代基于加速器的光源，如真空紫外光和X射线自由电子激光(FEL)，在飞秒(10100飞秒)脉冲中提供超亮(类似于每束10(12)-10(13)个光子)相干辐射，因此需要新颖的焦平面仪器才能充分利用其独特的能力。作为对检测设备的另一项挑战，现有(闪存。未来的自由电子激光(LCLS，门洛帕克；SCSS，兵库和欧洲XFEL，汉堡)涵盖从极光紫外线到X射线制度的各种光子能量，其带宽和脉冲结构显著不同，最高可达兆赫微束重复频率。此外，当一束光照射到强度高达10(22)W/cm(2)的物质上时，可能会产生数百到数万亿个碎片粒子、离子、电子或散射光子。为了应对这些挑战，自由电子激光科学中心(CFEL)内的马克斯·普朗克高级研究小组(ASG)设计了CFEL-ASG多用途(CAMP)小室。它配备了专门开发的光子和带电粒子探测设备，专门用于覆盖大立体角。支持各种不同的靶，例如原子、(排列的)分子和簇喷嘴、用于生物样品的粒子喷射器或固定靶排列。CAMP拥有4个圆周率的固体角度离子和电子动量成像光谱仪(“反应显微镜”，REMI，或“速度图成像”，VMI)，与基于pnCCD的新型、大面积、宽带(50 eV-25 keV)、高动态范围、单光子计数和成像X射线探测器独特地结合在一起。这种仪器允许进行一种新的相干衍射实验，其中可以同时监测目标的电子和离子发射。这使得在这一新的超强、高能辐射物质相互作用机制中研究动态过程成为可能。在介绍了营室的显著特点和重新设计的REMI/VMI光谱仪的性能之后，将详细描述新的1024×1024像素格式pnCCD成像探测器系统。将介绍在闪存和BESSY进行的四个相同性能的较小尺寸(256 X 512)设备的测试结果，并将阐明完整、大规模系统的概念和预期特性。这两个辐射源获得的数据说明了X射线探测器前所未有的性能，它的体素尺寸为75 x 75 x 4501微米(3)，在工作温度为-50摄氏度时，典型的读出噪声为2.5电子(RMS)。
Fourth generation accelerator-based light sources, such as VUV and X-ray Free Electron Lasers (FEL), deliver ultra-brilliant (similar to 10(12)-10(13) photons per bunch) coherent radiation in femtosecond ( 10100 fs) pulses and, thus, require novel focal plane instrumentation in order to fully exploit their unique capabilities. As an additional challenge for detection devices, existing (FLASH. Hamburg) and future FELs (LCLS, Menlo Park; SCSS, Hyogo and the European XFEL, Hamburg) cover a broad range of photon energies from the EUV to the X-ray regime with significantly different bandwidths and pulse structures reaching up to MHz micro-bunch repetition rates. Moreover, hundreds up to trillions of fragment particles, ions, electrons or scattered photons can emerge when a single light flash impinges on matter with intensities up to 10(22) W/cm(2).In order to meet these challenges, the Max Planck Advanced Study Group (ASG) within the Center for Free Electron Laser Science (CFEL) has designed the CFEL-ASG MultiPurpose (CAMP) chamber. It is equipped with specially developed photon and charged particle detection devices dedicated to cover large solid-angles. A variety of different targets are supported, such as atomic, (aligned) molecular and cluster jets, particle injectors for bio-samples or fixed target arrangements. CAMP houses 4 pi solid-angle ion and electron momentum imaging spectrometers ("reaction microscope", REMI, or "velocity map imaging", VMI) in a unique combination with novel, large-area, broadband (50 eV-25 keV), high-dynamic-range, single-photon-counting and imaging X-ray detectors based on the pnCCDs.This instrumentation allows a new class of coherent diffraction experiments in which both electron and ion emission from the target may be simultaneously monitored. This permits the investigation of dynamic processes in this new regime of ultra-intense, high-energy radiation matter interaction. After an introduction into the salient features of the CAMP chamber and the properties of the redesigned REMI/VMI spectrometers, the new 1024 x 1024 pixel format pnCCD imaging detector system will be described in detail. Results of tests of four smaller format (256 x 512) devices of identical performance, conducted at FLASH and BESSY, will be presented and the concept as well as the anticipated properties of the full, large-scale system will be elucidated. The data obtained at both radiation sources illustrate the unprecedented performance of the X-ray detectors, which have a voxel size of 75 x 75 x 4501 mu m(3) and a typical read-out noise of 2.5 electrons (rms) at an operating temperature of -50 degrees C. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.