Attitude Roots and Jiu Jitsu Persuasion: Understanding and Overcoming the Motivated Rejection of Science
Attitude Roots and Jiu Jitsu Persuasion: Understanding and Overcoming the Motivated Rejection of Science
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DOI：
10.1037/a0040437
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发表时间：
2017-07-01
影响因子：
16.4
通讯作者：
Fielding, Kelly S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hornsey, Matthew J.;Fielding, Kelly S.
科学共识和大众观点之间存在着令人担忧的巨大鸿沟。大约三分之一的美国人怀疑人类对气候变化负有主要责任;面对反免疫信仰，一些传染病的发病率正在攀升;世界各地有相当数量的人口是反进化论的创造论者。人们很容易认为，对基于证据的信息的抵制是无知或未能掌握证据的结果（科学传播的“赤字模型”）。但越来越多的理论家认识到，这种方法是有局限性的，如果人们有动机拒绝科学，那么重复的证据就不会有什么影响。为了创造一种跨理论的语言来描述这些潜在的动机，我们引入了“态度根源”的概念。态度根源是潜在的恐惧，意识形态，世界观和身份需求，这些需求维持和激励了特定的“表面”态度，如气候怀疑论和神创论。人们听到和看到的是反科学的态度，但正是态度的根源--隐藏在表面之下的东西--使表面态度即使受到证据的挑战也能生存下来。我们将这些态度根源归为6个主题世界观、阴谋思维、既得利益、个人身份表达、社会身份需求、恐惧和恐惧并回顾与之相关的文献。然后，我们使用这些见解，以开发一个“柔术”的说服模型，重点是通过调整（而不是竞争）这些态度的根源创造变化。
There is a worryingly large chasm between scientific consensus and popular opinion. Roughly one third of Americans are skeptical that humans are primarily responsible for climate change; rates of some infectious diseases are climbing in the face of anti-immunization beliefs; and significant numbers of the population worldwide are antievolution creationists. It is easy to assume that resistance to an evidence-based message is a result of ignorance or failure to grasp evidence (the "deficit model" of science communication). But increasingly, theorists understand there are limits to this approach, and that if people are motivated to reject science, then repeating evidence will have little impact. In an effort to create a transtheoretical language for describing these underlying motivations, we introduce the notion of "attitude roots." Attitude roots are the underlying fears, ideologies, worldviews, and identity needs that sustain and motivate specific "surface" attitudes like climate skepticism and creationism. It is the antiscience attitude that people hear and see, but it is the attitude root-what lies under the surface-that allows the surface attitudes to survive even when they are challenged by evidence. We group these attitude roots within 6 themes-worldviews, conspiratorial ideation, vested interests, personal identity expression, social identity needs, and fears and phobias-and review literature relevant to them. We then use these insights to develop a "jiu jitsu" model of persuasion that places emphasis on creating change by aligning with (rather than competing with) these attitude roots.