Understanding the relative contributions of direct environmental effects and passive genotype-environment correlations in the association between familial risk factors and child disruptive behavior disorders.
Understanding the relative contributions of direct environmental effects and passive genotype-environment correlations in the association between familial risk factors and child disruptive behavior disorders.
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DOI：
10.1017/s0033291713001086
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发表时间：
2014-03
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Iacono WG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bornovalova MA;Cummings JR;Hunt E;Blazei R;Malone S;Iacono WG
以前的工作报告了源于父母特征的家庭危险因素与子女破坏性行为障碍(DBD)之间的关联。这种关联可以反映a)家庭环境的直接影响，以及b)被动的基因-环境相关性，其中父母既提供基因又提供环境。目前的研究通过比较家庭危险因素对遗传相关(生物)和非相关(收养)家庭中儿童DBD的影响，检验了直接环境影响和被动基因-环境相关性的贡献。研究对象为402个收养家庭和204个亲生家庭。家庭环境被定义为母亲和父亲的不适应父母教养和反社会、婚姻冲突和离婚；后代DBD包括注意缺陷/多动障碍、品行障碍和对立违抗障碍。混合水平回归通过收养状况交互作用项估计家庭环境、收养状况和家庭环境的主要影响，这检验了被动基因-环境相关性的存在。母亲和父亲的不适应父母教养方式和婚姻不和谐对儿童DBD的影响是主要的，这表明直接的环境影响。母亲或父亲的反社会性没有直接的环境影响，但在生物家庭中，母亲和父亲的反社会与儿童DBDS的相关性比收养家庭更强，这表明存在被动的基因-环境相关性。许多家庭风险因素在遗传相关和非相关家庭中对儿童的影响是平等的，这为直接环境影响提供了证据。父母的反社会性和后代的DBD的关系可以用被动的基因-环境相关性来最好地解释，在这种相关性中，父母对外化精神病理的普遍易感性被传递给孩子。
Previous work reports an association between familial risk factors stemming from parental characteristics and offspring disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs). This association may reflect a) the direct effects of familial environment, and b) a passive gene-environment correlation, wherein the parents provide both the genes and the environment. The current study examined the contributions of direct environmental influences and passive gene-environment correlations by comparing the effects of familial risk factors on child DBDs in genetically related (biological) and non-related (adoptive) families. Participants were 402 adoptive and 204 biological families. Familial environment was defined as maternal and paternal maladaptive parenting and antisociality, marital conflict, and divorce; offspring DBDs included attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder. Mixed-level regressions estimated the main effects of familial environment, adoption status, and the familial environment by adoption status interaction term, which tested for a presence of passive gene-environment correlations. There was a main effect of maternal and paternal maladaptive parenting and marital discord on child DBDs, indicating a direct environmental effect. There was no direct environmental effect of maternal or paternal antisociality, but maternal and paternal antisociality had stronger associations with child DBDs in biological families than adoptive families, indicating the presence of a passive gene-environment correlation. Many familial risk factors affected children equally across genetically-related and non-related families, providing evidence for direct environmental effects. The relationship of parental antisociality and offspring DBDs was best explained by a passive gene-environment correlation, where a general vulnerability toward externalizing psychopathology is passed down by the parents to the children.