Boys' externalizing problems at elementary school age: Pathways from early behavior problems, maternal control, and family stress
Boys' externalizing problems at elementary school age: Pathways from early behavior problems, maternal control, and family stress
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DOI：
10.1017/s0954579400007379
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发表时间：
1996-09-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Newby, K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Campbell, SB;Pierce, EW;Newby, K
难以管理的学龄前男孩和对照男孩在4岁时进行了研究，并在6岁和9岁时进行了随访。4岁和9岁外化问题与同时发生的家庭压力有关，但这种关系部分由负性母亲控制介导。交叉滞后回归表明，尽管儿童问题评分高度稳定，4岁时观察到的消极母亲控制和9岁时自我报告的消极纪律预测了9岁时的外化问题，控制了早期症状水平。分层回归分析显示，在长期家庭压力的背景下，问题更有可能持续存在，定义为负面生活事件，婚姻不满和母亲抑郁症状。将符合对立障碍和/或注意缺陷障碍诊断标准的问题男孩与9岁前得到改善的男孩进行比较，家庭压力和早期症状水平以及母亲控制对他们进行了区分。教师评分表明，这些男孩在6岁时明显会出现持续的问题。在一个小样本的比较中，出现问题的男孩也生活在更不正常的家庭中，他们的母亲在9岁时使用了更多的消极管教。
Hard-to-manage preschool boys and comparison boys were studied at age 4 years and followed at ages 6 and 9 years. Externalizing problems at ages 4 and 9 were associated with concurrent family stress, but this relationship was partially mediated by negative maternal control. Cross-lagged regressions indicated that despite the high stability in children's problem ratings, observed negative maternal control at age 4 and self-reported negative discipline at age 9 predicted externalizing problems at age 9 years, controlling for earlier levels of symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that problems were more likely to persist in the context of chronic family stress, defined as negative life events, marital dissatisfaction, and maternal depressive symptoms. When problem boys who met diagnostic criteria for Oppositional Disorder and/or Attention Deficit Disorder were compared with boys who were improved by age 9 years, family stress and earlier symptom levels, as well as maternal control differentiated between them. Teacher ratings suggested that these boys were on a clear pathway to persistent problems by age 6 years. A small sample of comparison boys with emerging problems also were living in more dysfunctional families and their mothers reported using more negative discipline at age 9 years.