The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology
The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology
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DOI：
10.1002/9781118584538
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发表时间：
2018-09
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数千年来，传染病一直是人类发病和死亡的主要原因，有时可以在考古人类遗骸中发现对这些病原体的后续反应。本条目回顾了骨骼中记录的关键特定感染和一些不太常见的感染。由于各种因素（例如，埋藏学、发生骨骼变化的人比例低以及骨骼学悖论），但检测方法正在改进，并增加了我们对人类面对疾病的适应性的理解。然而，尽管有这些进展，详细记录和观察骨骼病变分布的病理变化仍然是鉴别诊断的关键。同样重要的是要了解潜在的相关免疫反应的感染，并整合文化背景数据，以便能够现实的解释从考古背景下恢复的人类遗骸中看到的传染病模式。
Infectious diseases have been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human populations for thousands of years, and subsequent responses to these pathogens can sometimes be identified in archaeological human remains. This entry reviews the key specific infections that are recorded in skeletons and some that are less commonly seen. Finding evidence of infectious disease (specific or nonspecific) in skeletal remains may be difficult owing to a variety of factors (e.g., taphonomy, low percentage of people developing bone changes, and the osteological paradox), but detection methods are improving and increasing our understanding of human adaptation in the face of disease. However, despite these advances, detailed recording and observation of skeletal lesion distribution of pathological changes remain key for differential diagnoses. It is also important to understand the underlying related immune response to infections and to integrate cultural contextual data so as to enable realistic interpretations of the infectious disease patterning seen in human remains recovered from archaeological contexts.