Emitting less without curbing usage? Exploring greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in the water industry through load shifting
Emitting less without curbing usage? Exploring greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in the water industry through load shifting
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DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117194
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发表时间：
2021-09
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Angineh Zohrabian;K. Sanders
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Angineh Zohrabian;K. Sanders
人们对应对全球气候变化的温室气体缓解战略的兴趣与日俱增，导致可再生电力来源的迅速扩大。然而，太阳能光伏和风力涡轮机等可变可再生能源的发电量不断增加，使得整个电网的电力供需平衡变得更加困难。在一些地区，可变可再生能源的高渗透率还创造了电力供应系统，与化石燃料发电往往占主导地位的高峰需求时间相比，可再生能源丰富时的电力在几个小时内要清洁得多。在缺乏成本效益高、公用事业规模的电池的情况下，利用电力消费灵活性的需求响应战略已成为解决可再生能源供应与能源需求高峰期之间的时间错配的现成资源。水务行业(即供水和废水系统)包括在需求响应潜力方面特别有吸引力的工业客户，因为它们可以通过大的可中断抽水负荷、大的储水能力和发电潜力提供灵活性。这项研究探讨了水部门的灵活性战略，其主要动机是减少排放的目标，而不是成本。我们提供了一个说明性的案例研究，证明战略性地将加州97个供水电力用户群的总日平均电力负荷的5%在一年中转移，可以减少每年2-5%的二氧化碳排放。最后，对未来水务行业实施柔性措施的研究方向进行了展望。
Growing interest in greenhouse gas mitigation strategies to address global climate change has resulted in the rapid expansion of renewable electricity sources. However, increasing power generation from variable renewable electricity sources, such as solar photovoltaics and wind turbines, has made balancing electricity supply and demand across the power grid more challenging. In some regions, high penetrations of variable renewables have also created electricity supply systems where electricity is significantly cleaner in hours when renewable energy is abundant, in comparison with peak demand hours when fossil fuel-based generation is often dominant. In the absence of cost-effective, utility-scale batteries, demand response strategies that leverage flexibility in electricity consumption have gained interest as readily available resources to address the temporal mismatch between renewable energy availability and high energy demand periods. The water industry (i.e., water supply and wastewater systems) includes industrial customers that are particularly attractive in terms of demand response potential as they can offer flexibility through large interruptible pumping loads, large water storage capacities, and energy generation potential. This study explores flexibility strategies in the water sector motivated primarily by the goal of reducing emissions, rather than cost. We present an illustrative case study demonstrating that strategically shifting 5% of the total daily average electricity load of a cluster of 97 water-supply electricity consumers in California across the year can reduce annual carbon dioxide emissions by 2–5%. In the end, important future research directions are discussed to support the implementation of flexibility measures in the water industry.