Smallholders at a Crossroad: Intensify or Fall behind? Exploring Alternative Livelihood Strategies in a Globalized World
Smallholders at a Crossroad: Intensify or Fall behind? Exploring Alternative Livelihood Strategies in a Globalized World
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处于十字路口的小农：加强还是落后？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Lambin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
X. Rueda;A. Paz;Theodora Gibbs;R. Leon;B. Moyano;E. Lambin
由于“可可豆到巧克力棒”运动的出现，巧克力市场正在经历一波市场分化浪潮。可可看到大众市场需求的增长和市场分化的过程，为富裕的城市消费者提供更专业、高质量的产品。对于专业市场来说，咖啡豆的质量和原产地是重要的属性。巧克力制造商和农民之间的直接贸易旨在促进对稀有品种和传统农林业系统的保护，同时帮助农民摆脱贫困。在这里，我们评估全球价值链的这些替代配置是否真正为小农提供了新的机会，超越了通常向他们提供的传统集约化或边缘化途径。我们对厄瓜多尔三个最大可可生产省份的农场样本进行了详细的社会经济和生物物理调查。我们的结果表明，尽管小农缺乏加入主流商品市场所需的资产，但他们能够利用其传统品种的品质进入利基市场。通过强大的合作社，买家所掌握的关于优质咖啡豆的知识已转移给农民。独特的自然资本可以为小农户提供有益的途径来发展农业，利用全球化带来的新市场机会。版权所有 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 和 ERP 环境
The chocolate market is experiencing a wave of market differentiation thanks to the emergence of the bean†to†bar movement. Cacao is seeing both a rise in demand for mass markets and a process of market bifurcation into more specialized, high†quality products for wealthy urban consumers. For the specialized market, the quality and origin of the beans are important attributes. Direct trading between chocolate makers and famers seeks to promote the conservation of rare cultivars and traditional agroforestry systems, while lifting farmers out of poverty. Here we assess whether these alternative configurations of the global value chain truly offer smallholders new opportunities, beyond the traditional intensification or marginalization pathways that are generally offered to them. We conducted detailed socio†economic and biophysical surveys with a sample of farms in three of the largest cacao producing provinces of Ecuador. Our results show that, even though smallholders lack the assets needed to join mainstream commodity markets, they have been able to capitalize on the qualities of their traditional varieties to access niche markets. Through strong cooperatives, the knowledge held by buyers about what constitutes a high†quality bean has been transferred to farmers. A unique natural capital may provide smallholders with rewarding pathways to develop their agriculture, exploiting new market opportunities offered by globalization. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment