Hypothalamic attack: a wonderful artifact or a useful perspective on escalation and pathology in aggression? A viewpoint.
Hypothalamic attack: a wonderful artifact or a useful perspective on escalation and pathology in aggression? A viewpoint.
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DOI：
10.1007/7854_2014_313
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
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通讯作者：
Kruk, Menno R
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作者：
Kruk, Menno R
W.R.赫斯的早期实验证明，电刺激猫的下丘脑会引起攻击性反应，这对心理和行为概念的发展产生了重大影响。许多关于行为惯例的想法，据说是在脑干中组织的，来自他的观察。从那时起，许多不同物种的下丘脑也产生了类似的反应，这表明介导这些反应的机制在进化上得到了很好的保护。然而，这些影响也被描绘成在人工环境中对人工刺激的人工反应。确实如此;经过多年的研究，关于潜在机制的关键问题仍然没有答案。问题是：它们是如何首先出现的？哪些神经元成分介导了这些反应？他们在“自发”攻击中的作用是什么？在本章的第一部分中，我们展示了使用大鼠下丘脑攻击的行为学、生理学、解剖学和药理学发现以一致的方式研究这些问题的方法。在第二部分中，我们认为，一个重要的功能的潜在机制是匹配的动态内分泌应激反应的动态行为和生理需求的应对冲突。这种神经内分泌-行为匹配似乎至关重要，从没有经验的动物第一次出现攻击性反应，到完全有经验的动物的全面暴力反应。妨碍这些基本功能会导致无法充分应对冲突。在一个没有经验的个人在一个陌生的环境中的第一次冲突的压力反应似乎迅速启动一个关键的变化，在冲突期间的社会信号的评估机制。这种变化对未来的冲突战略具有持久的影响。这一概念为“升级”或“病理性”攻击开辟了另一个视角，特别是在具有功能失调的压力反应的个体中。
W.R. Hess' early demonstration of aggressive responses evoked by electrical stimulation in the cat's hypothalamus had a significant impact on the development of psychological and behavioral concepts. Many ideas on behavioral routines, allegedly organized in the brainstem, derive from his observation. Similar responses have since been evoked from the hypothalamus of many different species, suggesting that the mechanism mediating these responses is evolutionarily well preserved. However, these effects have also been portrayed as artificial responses to an artificial stimulus in an artificial environment. True enough; after many years of research, crucial questions on the underlying mechanism remain unanswered. Questions such as: How do they emerge in the first place? What neuronal elements mediate these responses? What is their role in "spontaneous" aggression? In the first part of this chapter we show methodology to study such questions in a consistent way using behavioral, physiological, anatomical, and pharmacological findings on hypothalamic attack in rats. In the second part we suggest that one important function of the underlying mechanism is to match the dynamics of the endocrine stress response with the dynamics of the behavioral and physiological requirements of coping with conflicts. This neuroendocrine-behavioral matching seems crucial right from the first emergence of the aggressive response in inexperienced animals, up to the full-blown violent responding in fully experienced animals. Impeding these essential functions results in inadequate coping with conflicts. The stress response during a first conflict in an inexperienced individual in an unfamiliar environment seems to rapidly initialize a crucial change in a mechanism involved in the appraisal of social signals during conflict. That change has enduring consequences for future conflict strategies. This concept opens another perspective on "escalated" or "pathological" aggression, especially so in individuals with a dysfunctional stress response.