Theories of the autistic mind.
Theories of the autistic mind.
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自闭症心理理论。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Baron
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Baron
自闭症中的“看到导致知道”缺陷：普拉特和布莱恩特探测器。我们面临的挑战是解释自闭症的所有特征，包括自闭症谱系中的所有个体。经过25年的仔细测试，Simon Baron-Cohen得出结论，“心盲”或移情困难可以解释自闭症的社会沟通困难，而“超系统化”的新概念可以解释自闭症的优势领域：对细节的出色关注，以及异常狭窄的兴趣。经典自闭症和伯格综合征都有三个共同的核心诊断特征：社会发展困难，沟通发展困难，以及异常强烈，狭隘的兴趣和重复的行为。由于交流总是社会性的，因此将自闭症和艾伯格综合征视为两个广泛领域的共同特征可能更有成效：社会交流和狭隘的兴趣/重复性行为。至于区别特征，诊断为伯格综合征需要孩子说话准时，智商平均或以上。今天，自闭症谱系的概念不再被定义为与“正常”的任何明显分离（Wing，1997）。看到自闭症特征的这种“正态”分布的最清楚的方法是使用自闭症谱系商（或AQ）（Baron-Cohen等人，2006; Baron-Cohen，Wheelwright，Skinner等人，2001年）。这是一种以问卷形式出现的筛查工具，由父母填写有关其子女的问卷，或通过自我报告（如果成年人是“高功能”）完成。总共有50个项目，当对大量人群进行管理时，结果类似于“正态分布”。大多数没有诊断的人在0-25之间;大多数被诊断为自闭症谱系的人在26到50之间。在患有自闭症谱系的人中，80%的人得分在32分以上，99%的人得分在26分以上。因此，AQ巧妙地将两个群体分开--93%的普通人群处于AQ的平均范围内，而99%的自闭症人群处于极端（高端）。在一般人群中，男性得分略高于女性（但在统计学上显著高于女性）。由于自闭症谱系疾病在男性中比在女性中更常见（典型的自闭症发生在每一个女性的四个男性中，并且每一个女性发生九个男性，并且每一个女性发生九个男性），这可能表明一个人具有的自闭症特征的数量与一个人的年龄有关。
The "seeing leads to knowing" deficit in autism: The Pratt and Bryant probe. The challenge has been to explain all of the features of autism, across all individuals on the autistic spectrum. After 25 years of careful testing, Simon Baron-Cohen concludes that 'mindblindness' or difficulties with empathy can explain the social-communication difficulties in autism, whilst the newer concept of 'hyper-systemising' can explain the areas of strength in autism: excellent attention to detail, and unusually narrow interests. C lassic autism and Asperger' s syndrome both share three core diagnostic features: difficulties in social development, and in the development of communication, alongside unusually strong, narrow interests and repetitive behaviour. Since communication is always social, it might be more fruitful to think of autism and Asperger' s syndrome as sharing features in two broad areas: social-communication, and narrow interests/repetitive actions. As for distinguishing features, a diagnosis of Asperger' s syndrome requires that the child spoke on time and has average IQ or above. Today the notion of an autistic spectrum is no longer defined by any sharp separation from 'normality' (Wing, 1997). The clearest way of seeing this 'normal' distribution of autistic traits is using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (or AQ) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2006; Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Skinner et al., 2001). This is a screening instrument in the form of a questionnaire, either completed by a parent about their child, or by self-report (if the adult is 'high-functioning'). There are 50 items in total, and when administered to a large population the results resemble a 'normal distribution'. Most people without a diagnosis fall in the range 0–25; most with a diagnosis of an autism spectrum condition fall between 26 and 50. Of those with an autistic spectrum condition, 80 per cent score above 32, and 99 per cent above 26. So the AQ neatly separates the groups – 93 per cent of the general population fall in the average range of the AQ, and 99 per cent of the autistic population fall in the extreme (high-end) of the scale. In the general population, males score slightly (but statistically significantly) higher than females. Since autism spectrum conditions are far more common in males than in females (classic autism occurs in four males for every one female, and Asperger' s syndrome occurs in nine males for every one female), this may suggest that the number of autistic traits a person has is connected to a …
DOI：
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发表时间：
1999
期刊：
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影响因子：
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作者：
S. Baron-Cohen;V. Stone;Rosie Jones;K. Plaisted
通讯作者：
S. Baron-Cohen;V. Stone;Rosie Jones;K. Plaisted