State of the art of reservoir sedimentation management in Spain
State of the art of reservoir sedimentation management in Spain
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西班牙水库沉积管理的最新技术
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rafael Cobo Rayán
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. A. Salas;M. E. Montero;Rafael Cobo Rayán
西班牙水库总蓄水量的一部分（56立方公里）由于发生沉淀过程而丧失。对121个水库进行的调查表明，其中6%的水库容量减少了50%以上。然而，其中大多数（81%）的特点是水库容量损失低于20%。在西班牙，控制水库沉积最常用的方法可分为以下几类：通过流域管理减少沉积量和清除沉积物。减少沉积物的方法包括水土保持方案、上游沉积物截留碎屑坝和绕过沉积物。在西班牙，自1877年以来一直在执行水土保持方案，主要是那些涉及植树造林做法和工程措施的方案。
当局现正采用冲洗和挖掘的方法，以清除部分水塘的沉积物。在这方面，重点介绍了华金·科斯塔（Barasona）水库的空冲洗，因为这是我国首次进行的有控制的冲洗。在冲洗之前，与Barasona水库活动有关的所有部门都进行了协商。沉积物演变和环境因素，如水质、渔业、河岸植被、动物群等，在冲洗之前、期间和之后进行了研究。总的来说，这方面的经验令人满意，因此在规划其他水库冲洗时正在考虑这一点。在西班牙，所有水库都设有底部排水口，以便进行冲洗。这是一个决定性的因素时，考虑定期冲洗作为一个最合适的方法，
沉降控制一旦考虑到每个水库的具体特点，就会制定和应用法规和标准，以确保冲洗操作的影响最小化和最大化的准确性。预期这项纾缓淤塞措施不久便可定期应用于所有水塘。
Part of the total reservoir storage capacity in Spain (56 km3) is lost due to sedimentation processes taking place. Surveys carried out in 121 reservoirs indicate that 6% of them have undergone a capacity reduction of over 50%. However, most of them (81%) are characterised by a reservoir capacity loss below 20%. The most frequent methods used to control reservoir sedimentation in Spain fall into one of the following groups: reduction of sediment yield through basin management and removal of the sediment deposits that have built up. Reduction of sediment yields includes soil and water conservation programmes, upstream sediment trapping debris dams, and bypassing of sediment. In Spain, soil and water conservation programmes, mainly those involving afforestation practices and engineering measures, have been carried out since 1877.
Flushing and excavation practices are being used to remove part of the sediment build-up from some reservoirs. With regard to this, the empty flushing of the Joaquin Costa (Barasona) reservoir is highlighted, since it was the first controlled flushing undertaken in our country. Prior to the flushing, all sectors concerned in the Barasona Reservoir activities were consulted. Sediment evolution and environmental factors, such as water quality, fisheries, riparian vegetation, fauna, etc., were studied before, during and after the flushing. In general terms, the experience was found to be so satisfactory that it is being taken into consideration when planning other reservoir flushings. In Spain, all reservoirs are provided with bottom outlet(s), so that they can be subjected to flushing. This has been a deciding factor when considering regular flushing as one of the most suitable method for
sedimentation control. Once the specific characteristics of each individual reservoir have been taken into consideration, regulations and standards are drawn up and applied to ensure minimum impact and the maximum accuracy of flushing operations. It is expected that this silting mitigation measure could soon be regularly applied to all reservoirs.