The dark side of self- and social perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports.
The dark side of self- and social perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports.
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自我和社会认知的阴暗面：黑色制服和职业体育中的攻击性。
DOI：
10.1037//0022-3514.54.1.74
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发表时间：
1988
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
Gilovich,T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Frank,MG;Gilovich,T
几乎在所有文化中，黑色都被视为邪恶和死亡的颜色。考虑到这种关联，我们感兴趣的是像一个人的衣服颜色这样微妙的暗示是否可能会对他或她的行为产生重大影响。为了测试这种可能性，我们研究了穿黑色队服的职业足球队和冰球队是否比穿非黑色队服的球队更具攻击性。对国家橄榄球联盟和国家冰球联盟罚球记录的分析表明，在整个研究期间，在这两个运动中穿黑色队服的球队在罚球方面都排名接近前列。当一支球队从非黑色队服换成黑色队服时，处罚会立即增加。两项实验室实验的结果表明，这一发现可以归因于社会认知和自我认知过程，即裁判的偏见判断和球员本身攻击性的增加。我们的讨论重点是这些数据对于理解自我的变量或“情境”本质的理论意义。
Black is viewed as the color of evil and death in virtually all cultures. With this association in mind, we were interested in whether a cue as subtle as the color of a person's clothing might have a significant impact on his or her behavior. To test this possibility, we examined whether professional football and ice hockey teams that wear black uniforms are more aggressive than those that wear nonblack uniforms. An analysis of the penalty records of the National Football League and the National Hockey League indicate that teams with black uniforms in both sports ranked near the top of their leagues in penalties throughout the period of study. On those occasions when a team switched from nonblack to black uniforms, the switch was accompanied by an immediate increase in penalties. The results of two laboratory experiments indicate that this finding can be attributed to both social perception and self-perception processes—that is, to the biased judgments of referees and to the increased aggressiveness of the players themselves. Our discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of these data for an understanding of the variable, or “situated,” nature of the self.