Exposure assessment for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) and implications in epidemiologic research.
Exposure assessment for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) and implications in epidemiologic research.
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大气超细颗粒（UFP）的暴露评估及其在流行病学研究中的影响。
DOI：
10.1289/ehp.7939
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发表时间：
2005-08
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
流行病学研究表明，与直径≤2.5或≤10 μm的颗粒物（PM）质量浓度（分别为PM2.5、PM10）相关的心血管和呼吸系统不良结局增加。在一篇配套文章[Delfino RJ，Sioutas C，Malik S. 2005. Environ Health Perspect 113（8）：934-946]），我们讨论了指向与化石燃料燃烧相关的潜在成分的流行病学证据。推动PM关联的因果成分仍有待确定，但颗粒大小和化学方面的新证据已经提供了一些线索。有足够的理由相信，< 0.1 μm的超细颗粒（UFP）是重要的，因为与较大的颗粒相比，它们具有更高的颗粒数浓度和表面积，以及每单位质量吸附或冷凝的有毒空气污染物（氧化剂气体，有机化合物，过渡金属）的浓度。UFP的体外氧化还原活性显著高于较大PM的证据支持了这一点。虽然需要进行流行病学研究，但UFP的暴露评估问题很复杂，需要在对UFP健康影响进行调查之前加以考虑。这些问题包括高度的空间变异性、室内来源、各种外部来源的各种非单位颗粒渗透以及导致浓度和成分（包括挥发性）高度季节性变异的气象因素。为了解决这些问题，调查人员需要开发和验证所需的分析技术，以确定各种环境中UFP的物理/化学性质。在本综述中，我们提供了一个详细的讨论UFP的关键特征，其来源和形成机制，以及方法学方法来评估人口暴露。
Epidemiologic research has shown increases in adverse cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes in relation to mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5 or ≤10 μm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, respectively). In a companion article [Delfino RJ, Sioutas C, Malik S. 2005. Environ Health Perspect 113(8):934–946]), we discuss epidemiologic evidence pointing to underlying components linked to fossil fuel combustion. The causal components driving the PM associations remain to be identified, but emerging evidence on particle size and chemistry has led to some clues. There is sufficient reason to believe that ultrafine particles < 0.1 μm (UFPs) are important because when compared with larger particles, they have order of magnitudes higher particle number concentration and surface area, and larger concentrations of adsorbed or condensed toxic air pollutants (oxidant gases, organic compounds, transition metals) per unit mass. This is supported by evidence of significantly higher in vitro redox activity by UFPs than by larger PM. Although epidemiologic research is needed, exposure assessment issues for UFPs are complex and need to be considered before undertaking investigations of UFP health effects. These issues include high spatial variability, indoor sources, variable infiltration of UFPs from a variety of outside sources, and meteorologic factors leading to high seasonal variability in concentration and composition, including volatility. To address these issues, investigators need to develop as well as validate the analytic technologies required to characterize the physical/chemical nature of UFPs in various environments. In the present review, we provide a detailed discussion of key characteristics of UFPs, their sources and formation mechanisms, and methodologic approaches to assessing population exposures.