Contribution of smoking-related and alcohol-related deaths to the gender gap in mortality: evidence from 30 European countries
Contribution of smoking-related and alcohol-related deaths to the gender gap in mortality: evidence from 30 European countries
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DOI：
10.1136/tc.2010.037929
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Hunt, Kate
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McCartney, Gerry;Mahmood, Lamia;Hunt, Kate
背景目前，在地球仪上，妇女的寿命比男子长，这一死亡率优势在欧洲发达国家已经确立。关于性别差距的原因的争论仍在继续，尽管吸烟是过去造成这种差异的主要原因。目的比较30个欧洲国家全因死亡率的性别差距的大小，并评估吸烟相关和酒精相关死亡的贡献。方法全因死亡率数据，30个欧洲国家与吸烟有关的死亡率和与酒精有关的死亡率是从世界卫生组织“人人享有健康”数据库中提取的最接近2005年的数据。使用欧洲人口标准，通过直接方法对所有年龄组的发病率进行标准化。在所有原因的死亡率归因于吸烟相关和酒精相关的deaths.Results的性别差距的比例有相当大的变化，在整个欧洲的男性“过剩”的所有原因的死亡率的幅度，从188每10万每年在冰岛到942每10万每年在乌克兰。吸烟相关死亡占性别差异的40%至60%，而酒精相关死亡通常占东欧性别差异的20%至30%，欧洲其他地区为10%至20%。但它作为对这种差异的解释的重要性往往被对其他解释的假设所掩盖。按性别分列的吸烟模式的变化表明，在未来几十年中，死亡率方面的性别差距将缩小。
Background Women now outlive men throughout the globe, a mortality advantage that is very established in developed European countries. Debate continues about the causes of the gender gap, although smoking is known to have been a major contributor to the difference in the past.Objectives To compare the magnitude of the gender gap in all-cause mortality in 30 European countries and assess the contribution of smoking-related and alcohol-related deaths.Methods Data on all-cause mortality, smoking-related mortality and alcohol-related mortality for 30 European countries were extracted from the World Health Organization Health for All database for the year closest to 2005. Rates were standardised by the direct method using the European population standard and were for all age groups. The proportion of the gender gap in all-cause mortality attributable to smoking-related and alcohol-related deaths was then calculated.Results There was considerable variation in the magnitude of the male 'excess' of all-cause mortality across Europe, ranging from 188 per 100 000 per year in Iceland to 942 per 100 000 per year in Ukraine. Smoking-related deaths accounted for around 40% to 60% of the gender gap, while alcohol-related mortality typically accounted for 20% to 30% of the gender gap in Eastern Europe and 10% to 20% elsewhere in Europe.Conclusions Smoking continues to be the most important cause of gender differences in mortality across Europe, but its importance as an explanation for this difference is often overshadowed by presumptions about other explanations. Changes in smoking patterns by gender suggest that the gender gap in mortality will diminish in the coming decades.