The SNARC and MARC effects measured online: Large-scale assessment methods in flexible cognitive effects
The SNARC and MARC effects measured online: Large-scale assessment methods in flexible cognitive effects
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DOI：
10.3758/s13428-019-01213-5
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发表时间：
2019-08-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Nuerk, Hans-Christoph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cipora, Krzysztof;Soltanlou, Mojtaba;Nuerk, Hans-Christoph
响应代码的空间-数值关联（SNARC）效应（即，对左/右手边的小/大数字的更快反应）通常与语言标记反应代码（MARC）效应（即，对奇数/偶数的更快左/右手反应）一起沿着观察到。SNARC效应是数字认知中研究最深入的现象之一。然而，迄今为止，几乎所有SNARC和MARC研究的样本量都小于100。在这里，我们报告了一项研究，1,156名来自不同语言和文化背景的参与者执行了一个典型的奇偶判断任务。我们研究了（1）SNARC和MARC效应是否可以在在线设置中观察到，（2）在线观察到的这些效应的特性与实验室设置中观察到的相似，（3）效应是否可靠，以及（4）它们是否有效。我们发现了强大的SNARC和MARC效应。其幅度和可靠性与先前在实验室研究中报告的值相当。此外，我们再现了SNARC和MARC效应的常见有效性相关性。也就是说，SNARC和MARC与平均反应时间和反应时间的个体内变异性相关。此外，我们发现SNARC和MARC效应的个体间差异（例如，SNARC的手指计数程序和MARC的偏手性）。通过基于网络的数据采集的大规模测试不仅产生SNARC和MARC效应以及与小型实验室研究相似的有效性相关性，而且还揭示了关于个体间差异的实质性见解，这些差异通常无法在离线实验室中揭示，由于功率考虑。
The Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect (i.e., faster reactions to small/large numbers on the left-/right-hand side) is usually observed along with the linguistic Markedness of Response Codes (MARC) effect-that is, faster left-/right-hand responses to odd/even numbers. The SNARC effect is one of the most thoroughly investigated phenomena in numerical cognition. However, almost all SNARC and MARC studies to date were conducted with sample sizes smaller than 100. Here we report on a study with 1,156 participants from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds performing a typical parity judgment task. We investigated whether (1) the SNARC and MARC effects can be observed in an online setup, (2) the properties of these effects observed online are similar to those observed in laboratory setups, (3) the effects are reliable, and (4) they are valid. We found robust SNARC and MARC effects. Their magnitude and reliabilities were comparable to values previously reported in in-lab studies. Furthermore, we reproduced commonly observed validity correlations of the SNARC and MARC effects. Namely, SNARC and MARC correlated with mean reaction times and intraindividual variability in reaction times. Additionally, we found interindividual differences in the SNARC and MARC effects (e.g., finger-counting routines for the SNARC and handedness for the MARC). Large-scale testing via web-based data acquisition not only produces SNARC and MARC effects and validity correlations similar to those from small, in-lab studies, but also reveals substantial insights with regard to interindividual differences that usually cannot be revealed in the offline laboratory, due to power considerations.