Neighborhood externalities and traffic congestion
Neighborhood externalities and traffic congestion
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邻里外部性和交通拥堵
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511625862.008
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发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Masahisa Fujita
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Masahisa Fujita
城市是大量人近距离居住的地方。这种人口集中导致了各种技术外部性。既有积极的(有益的)外部性，也有消极的(有害的)外部性。例如，前一章所讨论的地方公共产品的外部性是最重要的正外部性类型。在这一章中，我们关注的是作为家庭之间相互作用的结果而产生的负外部性。特别是，我们考虑了三种不同类型的这种外部性：拥挤外部性、种族(或民族)外部性以及与通勤相关的交通拥堵。随着社区家庭密度的增加，环境质量往往会下降，部分原因是噪音、垃圾、犯罪等增加，部分原因是社区的空地和绿地减少。即使一个城市的居民由相对同质的家庭组成，这种家庭集中的负面后果也可能发生，称为拥挤外部性。另一方面，在一个不止一个种族或民族的城市里，如果一些群体对其他群体存在偏见，这些偏见群体会觉得他们因为这些其他群体的存在而感到痛苦。例如，一些白人可能对住在黑人附近有偏见。我们将这种由不同群体之间的偏见造成的外部性称为种族外部性。拥挤外部性和种族外部性都是由于居住的封闭性而产生的，因此，我们把它们统称为邻里外部性。
Introduction A city is a place where a large number of people reside in close quarters. This concentration of people causes various kinds of technological externalities . There are both positive (beneficial) and negative (harmful) externalities. For example, externalities from local public goods, which were discussed in the preceding chapter, represent the most important types of positive externalities. In this chapter, we focus on the negative externalities that arise as the consequences of interactions among households themselves. In particular, we consider three different types of such externalities: crowding externalities, racial (or ethnic) externalities, and traffic congestion associated with commuting. As the density of households in a neighborhood increases, the environmental quality tends to diminish partly because of an increase in noise, littering, crimes, and so on and partly because of a decrease in the open space and green areas in a neighborhood. Such negative consequences of household concentrations, called crowding externalities , may occur even if the residents of a city consist of relatively homogeneous households. On the other hand, in a city with more than one racial or ethnic group, if some groups have prejudices against other groups, the prejudiced groups feel that they suffer from the presence of these other groups in their neighborhoods. For example, some whites may have a prejudice against living near blacks. We call such externalities caused by prejudices among different groups racial externalities . Both crowding externalities and racial externalities arise because of the closeness of residences; hence, together we call them neighborhood externalities .