Pasture chemoscapes and their ecological services
Pasture chemoscapes and their ecological services
复制标题
牧场化学景观及其生态服务
DOI：
10.1093/tas/txz003
复制
发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
J. MacAdam
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Villalba;K. Beauchemin;P. Gregorini;J. MacAdam
摘要 反刍家畜生产系统处于进退两难的境地。在一个需要增加粮食供应的世界中，他们面临着越来越大的社会压力，要求减少对环境的影响。科学家最近对牲畜营养生态的了解有所提高，可能有助于牲畜生产者应对这些看似矛盾的需求。饲料是营养和制药中心，拥有初级（营养素）和植物次级化合物（PSC；药品、营养品），可以为农业生态系统的正常运转提供多种服务。纤维含量较低、非结构性碳水化合物含量较高的豆类，加上不同类型和浓度的 PSC（例如缩合单宁、萜烯），在景观（即“化学景观”）中产生多种化学物质，相对于以草和其他传统饲料为主的食物景观，有可能增强牲畜的营养、健康和福利。与以草为主的草地相比，这些含有 PSC 的植物可以减少动物的甲烷排放和氮 (N) 排泄，同时提高动物生长速度，并提供吸引消费者的肉质。红枫中的缩合单宁和苜蓿中的皂苷以及消耗这些饲料的牛粪也减少了土壤中的氮动员，减少了养分淋滤，并增加了植物可利用的氮储存以供将来使用。未来畜牧生产系统面临的挑战是为特定生态区设计具有“理想”化学多样性的多功能牧草时空安排，旨在实现可持续性，同时提高生产目标和改善生态系统服务。因此，本次审查的目的是刺激对化学和分类多样化的畜牧饲养系统的探索，以优化整体生产力；减少环境影响；改善牲畜、土壤和人类健康。
Abstract Ruminant livestock-production systems are between a rock and a hard place; they are experiencing increasing societal pressure to reduce environmental impacts in a world that demands increased food supply. Recent improvements in the understanding of the nutritional ecology of livestock by scientists may help livestock producers respond to these seemingly contradictory demands. Forages are nutrition and pharmacy centers with primary (nutrients) and plant secondary compounds (PSC; pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals), which can provide multiple services for the proper functioning of agroecosystems. Legumes with lower contents of fiber and higher contents of nonstructural carbohydrates, coupled with different types and concentrations of PSC (e.g., condensed tannins, terpenes), create a diverse array of chemicals in the landscape (i.e., the “chemoscape”) with the potential to enhance livestock nutrition, health and welfare relative to foodscapes dominated by grasses and other conventional feeds. These PSC-containing plants may reduce methane emissions and nitrogen (N) excretion from animals while increasing animal growth rate compared with swards dominated by grasses, and provide meat quality that appeals to consumers. Condensed tannins from sainfoin and saponins from alfalfa and manure of cattle consuming these forages also reduce N mobilization in soils, reduce nutrient leaching, and increase plant-available N stores for future use. The challenge for future pastoral production systems is to design multifunctional spatiotemporal arrangements of forages with “ideal” chemical diversity for specific ecoregions, aiming to achieve sustainability while increasing production goals and improving ecosystem services. Thus, the objective of this review is to stimulate the quest for chemically and taxonomically diverse pastoral feeding systems that optimize overall productivity; reduce environmental impacts; and enhance livestock, soil, and human health.
纤维素与其周围物质的相互作用
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
宮本 ひとみ;梅村 舞子;青柳 岳司;高橋 和廣;山根 千弘
通讯作者：
山根 千弘