The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia
The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia
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DOI：
10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.038
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发表时间：
2018-02-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Morrison, Christopher N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jacoby, Sara F.;Dong, Beidi;Morrison, Christopher N.
预防犯罪和伤害的公共卫生方法越来越关注暴力集中的实际地点和环境。在这项研究中，我们的目的是探究1937年费城房主贷款公司（HOLC）地图所记录的基于地点的历史性种族歧视与当今暴力犯罪和枪支伤害之间的关联。1937年HOLC地图的绘制者根据一个等级体系对费城进行了分区，其中一级和绿色区域用于表示适合政府支持的抵押贷款和经济发展的理想区域，二级或蓝色区域表示已经开发且稳定的区域，三级或黄色区域表示有衰败迹象且有“低等人口”涌入的区域，四级或红色区域表示有破旧或非正规住房且主要是黑人居民的“不良人口”区域。我们对2013年至2014年枪支袭击和暴力犯罪的集中情况相对于1937年HOLC地图中的分区进行了实证空间分析。在根据1940年人口普查对绘制地图时的社会人口因素进行调整后，费城历史上被划分为红色区域的枪支伤害率最高。在对历史人口普查数据进行调整后，HOLC地图分区与一般暴力犯罪之间的关系未得到支持。这项分析将历史视角延伸到结构性种族主义与暴力之间的关系，并将人们生活的社会生态环境置于这种关联的前沿。（C）2017爱思唯尔有限公司。保留所有权利。
Public health approaches to crime and injury prevention are increasingly focused on the physical places and environments where violence is concentrated. In this study, our aim is to explore the association between historic place-based racial discrimination captured in the 1937 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) map of Philadelphia and present-day violent crime and firearm injuries. The creators of the 1937 HOLC map zoned Philadelphia based in a hierarchical system wherein first-grade and green color zones were used to indicate areas desirable for government-backed mortgage lending and economic development, a second-grade or blue zone for areas that were already developed and stable, a third-grade or yellow zone for areas with evidence of decline and influx of a "low grade population," and fourth-grade or red zone for areas with dilapidated or informal housing and an "undesirable population" of predominately Black residents. We conducted an empirical spatial analysis of the concentration of firearm assaults and violent crimes in 2013 through 2014 relative to zoning in the 1937 HOLC map. After adjusting for socio-demographic factors at the time the map was created from the 1940 Census, firearm injury rates are highest in historically red-zoned areas of Philadelphia. The relationship between HOLC map zones and general violent crime is not supported after adjusting for historical Census data. This analysis extends historic perspective to the relationship between emplaced structural racism and violence, and situates the socio-ecological context in which people live at the forefront of this association. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.