Cognitive Biases Within Decision Making During Fire Evacuations
Cognitive Biases Within Decision Making During Fire Evacuations
复制标题
火灾疏散过程中决策中的认知偏差
DOI：
10.1007/s10694-018-0708-0
复制
发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
M. Kinateder
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Kinsey;S. Gwynne;E. Kuligowski;M. Kinateder
在火灾疏散过程中，一旦个人感知到火灾事件的线索，他们必须解释这些线索，以评估新的情况，并决定是否需要采取行动。有人建议，这种评估和行动选择可以采用自动或反射处理系统，这取决于情况的性质和所涉及的个人的经验。这个决策过程受到可用信息、可用时间和个人处理这些信息的资源的限制，这些信息会影响采用哪种处理机制。为了弥补这些限制，并管理与决策过程相关的不确定性和复杂性，人们可能会采用启发式方法，将决策从需要心理反思的认知努力解决问题的任务减少到不那么努力的模式匹配过程，在这种过程中，存储的条件和期望被快速扫描以识别相关反应。在这个决策过程中，可能会出现认知偏差，导致个人忽视或偏向于某些信息：这可能会导致不适当和/或意外的反应。认知偏见会在个人没有直接意识到的情况下影响表现。本文从现有文献中确定了可能影响一个人在火灾疏散过程中的决策过程的认知偏差，以及这些偏差如何与过程中的一般决策保持一致。本文的目的是促进在疏散人员行为建模中考虑认知偏差，以及在建筑物和疏散程序的消防安全设计中。
During a fire evacuation, once an individual perceives cues from a fire event, they must interpret them to assess the new situation and determine whether action is required. It is proposed that this assessment and action selection can employ either an automatic or reflective processing system depending on the nature of the situation and the experiences of the individual involved. This decision-making process is bounded in terms of the information available, the time available, and an individual’s resources to process such information that influences which processing mechanism is adopted. To compensate for such limitations and manage the uncertainty and complexity associated with the decision-making process, people may employ heuristics that reduce decision-making from a cognitively effortful problem-solving task requiring mental reflection, to a less effortful pattern-matching process, where stored conditions and expectations are quickly scanned to identify relevant responses. During this decision-making process cognitive biases may occur which cause an individual to neglect or be biased towards certain information: this may potentially lead to an inappropriate and/or unexpected response. Cognitive biases affect performance without the individual being directly aware of them. This paper identifies cognitive biases from existing literature that may influence a person’s decision-making process during a fire evacuation, along with how these align with general decision-making in the process. The purpose of the article is to promote consideration of cognitive biases in the modeling of evacuee behavior, as well as during the fire safety design of buildings and evacuation procedures.