Infrastructure: the Social Value of Shared Resources (Introduction)
Infrastructure: the Social Value of Shared Resources (Introduction)
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基础设施：共享资源的社会价值（简介）
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
Brett M. Frischmann
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作者：
Brett M. Frischmann
基础设施资源是许多有争议的公共政策辩论的中心，从如何处理我们摇摇欲坠的道路和桥梁，到是否以及如何保护我们的自然环境，到专利法改革，到电磁频谱分配，到提供全民医疗保健，到能源政策，到网络中立监管和互联网的未来。这个清单还可以一直列下去。尽管政策领域看似无关，但在某种程度上，它们都是相同的。每一个都涉及控制基础设施资源、设定公众访问的条款和条件，以及确定基础设施和各种依赖基础设施的系统如何随着时间的推移而演变的斗争。这些领域中的每一个领域都在进行斗争，一些团体强烈主张诉诸私有财产解决方案，而另一些团体则强烈主张这种方法将是致命的。这些团体利用了关于私人控制（或开放获取）各种类型资源的优点的更广泛的知识辩论。知识界的争论发生在许多领域，包括法律、经济学和政治学。在私人控制方面，有强有力的经济理论支持通过政府参与最少的市场进行私人订购。相比之下，在开放获取方面，人们经常呼吁保护“公地”，但从经济学角度来看，这一呼吁的理论支持并不完善。本书提出了强有力的经济论据，将基础设施资源作为公地进行管理和维持。经济学已成为这些领域许多学者和政策制定者选择的方法论。这本书对主流观点提出了严峻的经济挑战，主流观点主要关注与确保充足供应相关的问题。本书探讨了一系列问题，一旦提出，这些问题似乎显而易见：是什么驱动了需求方，以及需求方驱动因素应如何影响公共政策？对基础设施资源的需求涉及一系列重要的考虑因素，这些因素关系到基础设施管理制度的优化设计。该书确定了在许多不同领域和许多不同资源类型中反复出现的资源评估和随之而来的管理问题，并开发了一种实用的经济方法来理解和分析这些问题和潜在的解决方案。
Infrastructure resources are at the center of many contentious public policy debates, ranging from what to do about our crumbling roads and bridges, to whether and how to protect of our natural environment, to patent law reform, to electromagnetic spectrum allocation, to providing universal health care, to energy policy, to network neutrality regulation and the future of the Internet. The list could go on and on. Although the policy arenas may seem unrelated, all of them are, to some extent, the same. Each involves a battle to control infrastructure resources, set the terms and conditions under which the public gets access, and determine how the infrastructure and various infrastructure-dependent systems evolve over time.The battle is joined in each of these areas, with some groups arguing strongly for recourse to private property solutions and other groups arguing strongly that such an approach would be fatal. These groups draw on a broader intellectual debate about the merits of private control over (or open access to) various types of resources. The intellectual debate takes place in a number of fields, including law, economics, and political science. On the private control side, there is robust economic theory in support of private ordering via markets with minimal government involvement. By contrast, on the open access side, there is a frequent call for protecting the “commons,” but the theoretical support for this call is underdeveloped from an economics perspective.This book advances strong economic arguments for managing and sustaining infrastructure resources as commons. Economics has become the methodology of choice for many scholars and policymakers in these areas. The book offers a rigorous economic challenge to the prevailing wisdom, which focuses primarily on problems associated with ensuring adequate supply. This book explores a set of questions that, once asked, seem obvious: what drives the demand side of the equation, and how should demand-side drivers affect public policy? Demand for infrastructure resources involves a range of important considerations that bear on the optimal design of a regime for infrastructure management. The book identifies resource valuation and attendant management problems that recur across many different fields and many different resource types, and it develops a functional economic approach to understanding and analyzing these problems and potential solutions.