Diagnosis of systematic differences between multiple parametrizations of warm rain microphysics using a kinematic framework
Diagnosis of systematic differences between multiple parametrizations of warm rain microphysics using a kinematic framework
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使用运动学框架诊断暖雨微物理多个参数化之间的系统差异
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Hill
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Shipway;A. Hill
本文介绍了运动学驱动模型（KiD）及其应用。KiD是英国气象局开发的一个一维建模框架，用于促进对一些云分辨模型和数值天气预报模型中所采用的微物理参数化进行一致性的相互比较。KiD模型的开发源于全球大气系统研究计划（GCSS）的相互比较结果，这些结果显示出微物理行为的广泛差异，并且需要在不考虑动力或辐射反馈复杂性的情况下解释不同微物理方案的行为。本文描述了KiD模型以及暖云微物理的一个标准测试案例。给出了暖云微物理方案比较的结果。所测试的方案产生了非常不同的地面降水率和降水起始时间，以及不同的累积降水量。一般来说，单矩总体方案产生降水的起始最快，且累积地面降水量的范围最广。KiD内的敏感性测试表明，包含一个雨滴尺寸分布的诊断截距参数可减少单矩方案之间的差异。然而，降水起始早是单矩方案的一个持续特征。双矩总体方案相对于一个显式分档模型在降水起始时间上有所改进，并且累积降水量的比较显示出更好的一致性。然而，双矩方案往往会产生相对较大的峰值降水率，特别是在云层较厚时。KiD内进一步的敏感性测试表明，使用具有可变形状参数的三矩方案，相对于显式分档模型，显著提高了模拟的峰值降水率。本文所介绍的测试和结果旨在为其他用户提供一个参考，以便他们与自己的微物理方案进行比较，并有助于微物理参数化的发展。版权所有©2012英国皇家版权，英国气象局。由约翰威立父子有限公司出版。
This paper introduces the Kinematic Driver Model (KiD) and its application. KiD is a 1D modelling framework developed at the UK Met Office to facilitate a consistent intercomparison of the microphysics parametrizations employed in a number of cloud‐resolving models and numerical weather prediction models. The development of the KiD model was born out of GCSS intercomparison results, which show a wide range of microphysical behaviour and a need to explain the behaviour of different microphysics schemes without the complication of dynamic or radiative feedbacks. This paper describes the KiD model and one of the standard test cases for warm microphysics. Results from a comparison of warm microphysics schemes are presented. The schemes tested produce very different surface precipitation rates and onset timings, as well as different accumulated precipitation. In general, single‐moment bulk schemes produce the most rapid onset of precipitation and the widest range in accumulated surface precipitation. Sensitivity tests within the KiD show that including a diagnostic intercept parameter for the rain size distribution reduced variation between the single‐moment schemes. However, the early onset of precipitation is a persistent feature of single‐moment schemes. Double‐moment bulk schemes exhibit improved timing for the precipitation onset relative to an explicit bin model and comparison of accumulated precipitation shows much better agreement. However, double‐moment schemes tend to produce relatively large peak precipitation rates, particularly with the deeper cloud. Further sensitivity tests within the KiD demonstrate that using a three‐moment scheme, with variable shape parameter, significantly improves the simulation peak precipitation rate relative to an explicit bin model. The tests and results presented in this paper are described to act as a reference for other users to compare with their microphysics schemes and aid microphysics parametrization development. Copyright © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.