An Introduction to Phylogenetically Based Statistical Methods, with a New Method for Confidence Intervals on Ancestral Values
An Introduction to Phylogenetically Based Statistical Methods, with a New Method for Confidence Intervals on Ancestral Values
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DOI：
10.1093/icb/39.2.374
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发表时间：
1999-04
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
T. Garland;P. Midford;A. Ives
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Garland;P. Midford;A. Ives
至少从查尔斯达尔文时代开始，种间比较就在进化生物学中扮演着重要的角色。自1985年以来，“比较方法”已恢复了新的分析技术，使用系统发育信息和植物遗传学的可用性增加（通常来自分子数据集）。由于物种以等级方式从共同祖先进化而来，相关物种往往彼此相似（大象看起来像大象）;因此，跨物种数据集通常不包括独立和相同分布的数据点。基于系统发生学的统计方法试图解释这一事实。系统发生方法允许比较和生态生理学中的传统主题得到更严格的解决，包括异速生长关系的形式，以及生理表型是否与行为，生态或环境特征有关，这提供了关于适应的证据。它们还可以解决新的问题，例如生理进化的速率是否在谱系（分支）之间存在差异，以及表型首次进化的时间和地点。我们提出了三个基于遗传的统计方法的简要概述：遗传独立的对比，Monte Carlo计算机模拟，以获得零分布的检验统计量，和系统发育自相关。在一个新的结果中，我们分析了如何使用独立对比来估计祖先值和置信区间。这些置信区间往往超过现存物种之间观察到的变化范围，这表明在这种推断中固有的相对较大的不确定性。在生理多样性分析中，植物发生学的使用应该像身体大小和比例关系的使用一样普遍。
Interspecific comparisons have played a prominent role in evolutionary biology at least since the time of Charles Darwin. Since 1985, the “comparative method” has been revitalized by new analytical techniques that use phylogenetic information and by increased availability of phytogenies (often from molecular data sets). Because species descend from common ancestors in a hierarchical fashion, related species tend to resemble each other (elephants look like elephants); therefore, cross-species data sets generally do not comprise independent and identically distributed data points. Phylogenetically based statistical methods attempt to account for this fact. Phylogenetic methods allow traditional topics in comparative and ecological physiology to be addressed with greater rigor, including the form of allometric relationships and whether physiological phenotypes vary predictably in relation to behavior, ecology or environmental characteristics, which provides evidence about adaptation. They can also address new topics, such as whether rates of physiological evolution have differed among lineages (clades), and where and when a phenotype first evolved. We present brief overviews of three phylogenetically based statistical methods: phylogenetically independent contrasts, Monte Carlo computer simulations to obtain null distributions of test statistics, and phylogenetic autocorrelation. In a new result, we show analytically how to use independent contrasts to estimate ancestral values and confidence intervals about them. These confidence intervals often exceed the range of variation observed among extant species, which points out the relatively great uncertainty inherent in such inferences. The use of phytogenies should become as common as the use of body size and scaling relationships in the analysis of physiological diversity.