Persistent crying in early infancy: a non-trivial condition of risk for the developing mother-infant relationship.
Persistent crying in early infancy: a non-trivial condition of risk for the developing mother-infant relationship.
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婴儿早期持续哭泣：对于母婴关系的发展来说是一个不小的风险状况。
DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-2214.2002.00091.x
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发表时间：
1998
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
N. Hofacker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Papoušek;N. Hofacker
研究对象为1 ~ 6个月龄（平均年龄3.6个月）的婴儿，他们因持续哭闹而被转诊至慕尼黑跨学科研究和干预项目，他们的母亲接受了检查，并与年龄匹配的、目前没有哭闹问题的社区对照样本进行了比较。三组，被称为极端哭，被称为中度哭，和对照组，进行了比较，关于社会心理和器质性风险的措施，母亲对自己的心理状态和婴儿气质的看法，母婴关系的质量，和直观的养育在母婴面对面的互动。与一般社区样本的婴儿持续哭泣相比，目前的临床样本代表了一个有偏见的群体，特别是高水平的婴儿痛苦的很长一段时间，睡眠-觉醒组织的问题，神经运动不成熟，和困难的气质。此外，过度哭闹与器质性和心理社会风险的累积有关，包括产前压力和焦虑、产妇精神病理学和伴侣关系冲突的高发生率。两组母亲在自我效能感上的得分都很低，而在抑郁、焦虑、疲惫、愤怒、不良童年记忆和婚姻痛苦上的得分都很高。母婴关系更经常困扰或干扰提到的二人组之间比对照组，40%相比，19%的干扰失败在面对面的情况下，表现出调节失调的模式。研究结果表明，与父母照顾有关的因素并没有引起持续的哭泣，但作为维持或加重因素。持续的哭泣，困难的气质，和父母的因素之间的动态相互作用，损害产妇资源和直观的养育可能会把这样的家庭在长期的风险，关系和行为问题。
Infants between 1 and 6 months of age (mean age 3.6 months) who were referred to the Munich Interdisciplinary Research and Intervention Programme because of persistent crying and their mothers were examined and compared with an age-matched community-based control sample with no current cry problem. Three groups, referred extreme criers, referred moderate criers, and controls, were compared with regard to measures of psychosocial and organic risks, the mothers' perception of her own psychological state and infant temperament, the quality of mother-infant relationship, and intuitive parenting in mother-infant face-to-face interactions. In comparison with general-community samples of infants with persistent crying, the present clinical sample represents a biased group with particularly high levels of infant distress for long periods of time, with problems of sleep-wake organization, neuromotor immaturity, and difficult temperament. Moreover, extreme crying was associated with a cumulation of organic and psychosocial risks, including high rates of prenatal stress and anxiety, maternal psychopathology and partnership conflicts. Mothers in both referred groups scored similarly low on feelings of self-efficacy, and high on depression, anxiety, exhaustion, anger, adverse childhood memories, and marital distress. Mother-infant relationships were more often distressed or disturbed among referred dyads than among controls, and 40% as compared with 19% showed dysregulatory patterns of interactional failures in face-to-face contexts. The findings suggest that factors related to parental care did not cause persistent crying, but functioned as maintaining or exacerbating factors. Dynamic interactions between persistent crying, difficult temperament, and parenting factors which compromise maternal resources and intuitive parenting may put such families at long-term risk for both relationship and behaviour problems.